Analysis of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines in Ammunition Waste Water and in Aqueous Samples from Former Ammunition Plants and Other Military Sites Analyse von Nitroaromaten und Nitraminen in Munitionsabwasser und wäßrigen Proben ehemaliger Munitionsfabriken und anderen Rüstungsaltlasten     

K. Levsen  P. Mußmann  E. Berger-Preiß  A. Preiß  D. Volmer  G. Wünsch 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1993,21(3):153-166

Waste water from ammunition production sites and aqueous samples (ground and surface water) on or near former military sites on which explosives were produced or filled, e.g. into shells, may be contaminated by the original explosives—mainly nitrotoluenes (such as dinitrotoluenes, trinitrotoluene (TNT)) and nitramines (such as hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and tetryl) or hexyl, but also by byproducts and compounds formed by biodegradation of the explosives such as aminonitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols. These compounds can be extracted from aqueous samples by liquid/liquid extraction (using dichloromethane or toluene) or by solid phase extraction using C-18 adsorbents with high recoveries (usually ≥85%) provided they contain only one amino group. Nitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and aminonitrotoluenes (nitrotoluidines) may be determined by gas chromatography (GC) using selective detectors such as an electron capture detector (ECD), a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) or a chemiluminescence detector (thermal energy analyzer, TEA). The use of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) under electron impact conditions is even more specific. Detection limits comparable to an ECD or NPD, however, are only achieved if the mass spectrometer is operated under selected ion monitoring (SIM). Nitrophenols are derivatized after extraction by heptafluorobutyric anhydride or by acetic anhydride where the latter method can be directly applied to the aqueous sample. The nitramine explosives, such as RDX, HMX, and tetryl, hexyl, the nitrate esters, such as nitropenta (PETN) and nitroguanidine as well as picric acid cannot, or only with difficulty, be analyzed by gas chromatography. They may be determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. The HPLC analysis can be extended to include also nitrotoluenes and nitroaminotoluenes.  相似文献   

Heavy metal pollution and acid drainage from the abandoned Balya Pb-Zn sulfide Mine,NW Anatolia,Turkey   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Atilla?Aykol  Murat?BudakogluEmail author  Mustafa?Kumral  Ali?H.Gultekin  Melih?Turhan  Vildan?Esenli  Fuat?Yavuz  Yuksel?Orgun 《Environmental Geology》2003,45(2):198-208

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the waste-rock dump (WRD) of the underground polymetallic Balya Mine on the Kocacay River and eventually on Lake Manyas in Turkey. Data presented in this paper include geochemical characteristics of various kinds of water (mine, surface and groundwater) and of suspended-particle samples in the vicinity of Balya. The more polluted mine waters have low pH and high conductivity, while high concentrations of Zn, Cd, Mn tend to be found in the dry and wet seasons. High concentrations of Pb, As, Cr, Cu and S appear only in the wet season. The sources of the heavy metal concentration within the Kocacay River are leached waste, surface run off, and overflow from the spillway of the WRD. To minimize the formation of acids and dissolved metal, and for the remediation of the harmful effects of extreme contamination conditions, it is recommended that lime or alkali materials and organic carbon be added to simulate the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria.  相似文献   

Contaminant dispersion at the rehabilitated Mary Kathleen uranium mine, Australia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. G. Lottermoser  P. M. Ashley  M. T. Costelloe 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(6):748-761

This study reports on the transfer of contaminants from waste rock dumps and mineralised ground into soils, sediments, waters and plants at the rehabilitated Mary Kathleen uranium mine in semi-arid northwest Queensland. Numerous waste rock dumps were partly covered with benign soil and the open pit mine was allowed to flood. The mineralised and waste calc-silicate rock in the open pit and dumps has major (>1 wt%) Ca, Fe and Mg, minor (>1,000 ppm) Ce, La, Mn, P and S, subminor (>100 ppm) Ba, Cu, Th and U, and trace (<100 ppm) As, Ni, Pb, Y and Zn values. Consequently, chemical and physical weathering processes have acted on waste rock and on rock faces within the open pit, mobilising many elements and leading to their dispersion into soils, stream sediments, pit water and several plant species. Chemical dispersion is initiated by sulfide mineral breakdown, generation of sulfuric acid and formation of several soluble, transient sulfate minerals as evaporative efflorescent precipitates. Radiation doses associated with the open pit average 5.65 mSv year⁻¹; waste dumps commonly have lower values, especially where soil-covered. Surface pit water is slightly acid, with high sulfate values accompanied by levels of U, Cu and Ni close to or above Australian water guideline values for livestock. Dispersion of U and related elements into soils and stream sediments occurs by physical (erosional) processes and from chemical precipitation. Plants growing in the mine void, on waste dumps and contaminated soil display evidence of biological uptake of U, LREE, Cu and Th and to a lesser degree of As, Ni, Pb, Y and Zn, with values being up to 1–2 orders of magnitude above background sites for the same species. Although rehabilitation procedures have been partly successful in reducing dispersion of U and related elements into the surrounding environment, it is apparent that 20 years after rehabilitation, there is significant physical and chemical mobility, including transfer into plants.  相似文献   

Stochastic analysis of the effect of heterogeneity and fractures on radionuclide transport in a low-permeability clay layer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marijke Huysmans  Alain Dassargues 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(7):920-930

Deep low-permeability clay layers are considered as safe environments for disposal of high-level radioactive waste. In Belgium, the Boom Clay is a candidate host rock for deep geological disposal. In this study, we analyze the effects of fractures and spatially variable hydraulic conductivity on radionuclide migration through the clay. Fracture geometry and properties are simulated with Monte Carlo simulation. The heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity is simulated by direct sequential co-simulation using measurements of hydraulic conductivity and four types of secondary variables. The hydraulic conductivity and fracture simulations are used as input for a transport model. Radionuclide fluxes computed with this heterogeneous model are compared with fluxes obtained with a homogeneous model. The output fluxes of the heterogeneous model differ at most 8% from the homogeneous model. The main safety function of the Boom Clay is thus not affected by the fractures and the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity.  相似文献   

Stochastic analysis of the effect of spatial variability of diffusion parameters on radionuclide transport in a low permeability clay layer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marijke Huysmans  Alain Dassargues 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1094-1106

Most studies that incorporate subsurface heterogeneity in groundwater flow and transport models only analyze and simulate the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity. Heterogeneity of the other flow and transport parameters are usually neglected. This approach is often justified, but there are, however, cases in which disregarding the heterogeneity of the other flow and transport parameters can be questionable. In low permeability media, for instance, diffusion is often the dominant transport mechanism. It therefore seems logical to incorporate the spatial variability of the diffusion parameters in the transport model. This study therefore analyses and simulates the spatial variability of the effective diffusion coefficient and the diffusion accessible porosity with geostatistical techniques and incorporates their heterogeneity in the transport model of a low permeability formation. The formation studied was Boom clay (Belgium), a candidate host rock for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. The calculated output radionuclide fluxes of this model are compared with the fluxes calculated with a homogeneous model and a model with a heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity distribution. This analysis shows that the heterogeneity of the diffusion parameters has a much larger effect on the calculated output radionuclide fluxes than the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in the low permeability medium under study.  相似文献   

Evaluation of proposed waste rock dump designs using the SIBERIA erosion model     

G. R. Hancock  E. Turley 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(5):765-779

Computer-based landscape evolution models offer the ability to evaluate landscape stability over the short (annual), medium (decades to hundreds of years) and long-term (thousands of years). Modeling has advantages in that design ideas can be tested, different surface material properties can be evaluated and risk analysis carried out. Landscape evolution models allow landscape surface change through time. These models also offer the advantage that the landscape can be evaluated visually as it develops through time, which is not possible with other types of models. Landscape evolution models can be used for not only soil loss assessment (i.e. tonnes/hectare/year), but also to evaluate the method of soil loss (i.e. rill or interrill erosion). This study examines a range of waste rock dump designs for the Minera Alumbrera Ltd. copper mine, Argentina. An erosion assessment using the SIBERIA erosion model over a 1000-year simulation period demonstrates waste rock dump designs using a conventional stepped design of backsloping benches and caps with angle of repose slopes provide the lowest average erosion rates and depths of incision than do other designs. Caution should be applied in interpreting these results as the SIBERIA erosion model is sensitive to parameter input and in this case was calibrated and run using a generic set of parameters that are not site specific. Nevertheless, the results provide a guide as to the strengths and weaknesses of different rehabilitation designs and demonstrate the insights that modeling studies can provide.  相似文献   

Risk minimization in water quality control problems of a river system     

Subimal Ghosh  P.P. Mujumdar 《Advances in water resources》2006

Methodologies are presented for minimization of risk in a river water quality management problem. A risk minimization model is developed to minimize the risk of low water quality along a river in the face of conflict among various stake holders. The model consists of three parts: a water quality simulation model, a risk evaluation model with uncertainty analysis and an optimization model. Sensitivity analysis, First Order Reliability Analysis (FORA) and Monte–Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the fuzzy risk of low water quality. Fuzzy multiobjective programming is used to formulate the multiobjective model. Probabilistic Global Search Laussane (PGSL), a global search algorithm developed recently, is used for solving the resulting non-linear optimization problem. The algorithm is based on the assumption that better sets of points are more likely to be found in the neighborhood of good sets of points, therefore intensifying the search in the regions that contain good solutions. Another model is developed for risk minimization, which deals with only the moments of the generated probability density functions of the water quality indicators. Suitable skewness values of water quality indicators, which lead to low fuzzy risk are identified. Results of the models are compared with the results of a deterministic fuzzy waste load allocation model (FWLAM), when methodologies are applied to the case study of Tunga–Bhadra river system in southern India, with a steady state BOD–DO model. The fractional removal levels resulting from the risk minimization model are slightly higher, but result in a significant reduction in risk of low water quality.  相似文献   

金堆城钼矿固体废物对水环境的污染     

李侠  张益谦 《地下水》2006,28(5):64-66

本文通过对陕西华县金堆城钼矿区西川河流经废石堆的入口处和出口处采取的水样进行了常量组分、微量组分的测定,分析其污染特征,确定出金堆城钼矿废石堆对水环境的污染指标.  相似文献   

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Changli Liu  Yun Zhang  Feng’e Zhang  Sheng Zhang  Miying Yin  Hao Ye  Hongbing Hou  Hua Dong  Ming Zhang  Jianmei Jiang  Lixin Pei 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(4):641-651

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.  相似文献   

Gravel washing wastes from Jarama river deposits (Spain): an undervalued natural raw material     

I. Blanco-García  M. Rodas  C. J. Sánchez  J. Alonso-Azcárate 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1097-1115

This work presents the main characteristics of 97 quarry wastes, collected in 23 gravel pits, from the Jarama river area, Madrid province, Spain. In this area, more than 2.5 × 10⁶ ton of silty-clay waste are generated every year, and no applications have as yet been defined for them. This work is the first systematic study of the fine fractions generated from the Jarama river quaternary deposits, playing part in the comprehension of this complex terrace systems. Quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, calcite, and complex mixtures of phyllosilicates, such as smectite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layer, have been detected. Two sets of waste which are recognized according to the calcite content, have been directly related with the terrace level beneficed in the Jarama river, and the position along the valley. Calcite concentrates in the wastes produced in the lower course, where Henares and Tajuña tributaries promote an extensive change in the geochemistry of underground water, and locally, in the petrology of quarried conglomerates. This clear distinction by location between calcite-bearing and calcite-free wastes is essential for potential applications, such as soil conditioning, raw materials for brick or tiles, etc. The wastes studied can be considered as a potential source of industrial raw materials because of their uniformity and large volume. This suggestion is now being carried out, with an attempt at assessing the possibilities of using these mining wastes as ceramic raw materials.  相似文献