Electrical aerosol spectrometer of Tartu University     

H. Tammet  A. Mirme  E. Tamm   《Atmospheric Research》2002,62(3-4)

The electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) of the parallel measuring principle at Tartu University is an efficient instrument for rapid measurement of the unstable size spectrum of aerosol particles. The measuring range from 10 nm to 10 μm is achieved by simultaneously using a pair of differential mobility analyzers with two different particle chargers. The particle spectrum is calculated and measurement errors are estimated in real time by using a least-squares method. Experimental calibration ensures reliability of measurement. The instrument is well suited for continuous monitoring of atmospheric aerosol.  相似文献   

Elemental particle size distributions. Measured and estimated dry deposition in Sfax region (Tunisia)     

M. Masmoudi  I. Belghith  M. Chaabane 《Atmospheric Research》2002,63(3-4)

Mass size distribution of the crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Si, Ti), anthropogenic elements (Zn, Mn, Cr, Cu, K, P, Pb) and sea elements (Na, Cl) were obtained from measurements carried out with an inertial cascade impactor in Sfax. A fitting procedure by data inversion was applied to those data. This procedure yields accurate size distributions of aerosols in the diameter range 0.1–25 μm in two different sites. In a coastal industrial site, the mass distribution of the aerosol showed a bimodal structure; and in urban area, the lower particle mode cannot be observed. The elemental dry deposition flux was calculated as a function of particle size. The element flux size distribution increased rapidly with particle size. The modelling results indicate that the majority of the crustal and anthropogenic elements flux (>90%) was due to particles larger than 3 μm in diameter.  相似文献   

上海软粘土微观特性及在土体变形与地面沉降中的作用研究   总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18  

龚士良 《工程地质学报》2002,10(4):378-384

对上海软粘土的颗粒及集合体成分、孔径分布、微结构、孔隙溶液与阳离子交换性作了分析 ,对固结前后的孔径变化与人工回灌对土体性质可能带来的影响作了探讨 ,从物理化学角度阐述了软粘土微观特性对土体固结变形及地面沉降的影响.  相似文献   

百色盆地那读组短期基准面旋回层序分析   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14  

彭军  郑荣才  陈景山  蔡勋育  韦景春 《沉积学报》2002,20(2):203-209

以高分辨率层序地层学理论和技术方法为指导，运用短期基准面旋回界面的识别标志将百色盆地那读组短期基准面旋回层序划分为向上“变深”的非对称型（A 型）、向上变浅的非对称型（B 型）、向上变深复变浅的对称型（C型）等三种基本结构类型，再根据可容纳空间大小和上下两个半旋回的厚度进一步划分为七个亚类型:即低可容纳空间向上“变深”的对称型（A₁型），高可容纳空间向上“变深”的非对称型（A₂型），低可容纳空间向上变浅的非对称型（B₁型），高可容纳空间向上变浅的非对称型（B₂型），完全-近完全对称型（C₁型），以上升半旋回为主的不完全对称型（C₂型），以下降半旋回为主的不完全对称型（C₃型）。文中详细讨论了每个基本类型和亚类型的沉积背景、叠加样式、岩性组成和沉积动力学过程，并指出有利储集砂体在每种类型中的发育部位。在此基础上，总结了短期基准面旋回层序的变化规律和分布模式，指出从陆地向湖盆，短期基准面旋回层序类型具有从A₁型!A₂型!C₂型!C₁型!C₃型!B₁型!B₂型的变化规律，并简述了短期基准面旋回层序在油气勘探开发中的研究意义。  相似文献   

东南极Lambert冰川-Amery冰架系统平衡通量分布的计算   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

王清华  宁津生 《冰川冻土》2002,24(5):500-505

通过对Lambert冰川盆地(LGB)考察路线上约1 700 km长的LGB剖面和距冰架末端约50 km、长150 km的A剖面, 分别利用GPS冰流速值及雷达测厚值进行冰通量的计算得出:每年流过LGB剖面的冰通量为43.95 Gta-1, 而通过A剖面的冰通量仅为26. 42 Gt*a-1, Amery冰架底部净融化量为7.8 Gt*a-1. 整个Lambert冰川-Amery冰架系统(LAS)地区的表面净物质平衡总量约为90 Gt*a-1; LGB地区的表面净物质平衡总量为46 Gt*a-1. 通过分析得出, 整个LAS地区及LGB地区均处于物质正平衡状态, 而LAS流域的上游区域S'则处于物质负平衡状态.  相似文献   

渤海湾盆地北部奥陶纪岩相古地理   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

金振奎  邹元荣  由伟丰  蒋春雷 《沉积学报》2002,20(1):13-19

渤海湾盆地北部主要包括黄骅坳陷、沧县隆起、冀中坳陷和下辽河坳陷,区内奥陶系厚 6 0 0～ 80 0m,主要由石灰岩和白云岩组成。下奥陶统分为冶里组和亮甲山组,中奥陶统分为下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组,上统缺失。其中下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组又进一步划分为下段和上段。早奥陶世冶里期和亮甲山期,本区以局限海环境为主,其内散布着一些潮坪和滩。中奥陶世,本区岩相古地理面貌变化旋回极为明显,下马家沟期早期潮坪广布,晚期以局限海为主;上马家沟期早期又是潮坪广布,晚期以开阔海为主;峰峰期早期潮坪广布,晚期又以开阔海为主。在奥陶纪,本区经历了 4个大的海侵-海退旋回,其中上马家沟期晚期是本区乃至整个华北地台的最大海侵期。  相似文献   

碳酸盐岩差异性风化成土特征及其对石漠化形成的影响   总被引：35，自引：0，他引：35  

孙承兴  王世杰  周德全  李瑞玲  李艳丽 《矿物学报》2002,22(4):308-314

碳酸盐岩极低的酸不溶物含量使岩石风化产生的残积土壤物质数量极少，并产生巨大的体积缩小，促使早期形成的残积土在重力作用下不断向下塌陷。显著的差异性风化使基岩面强烈起伏，甚至形成大量的岩溶尘洼地、裂隙、地下管道、洞穴系统等。在重力和水的作用下，土粒沿垂直和水平方向上经微距离或短距离搬运到上述低洼或地下空间中，甚至由地下河带到更远的地方，这是碳酸盐岩地区土壤丢失的重要方式，也是形成石漠化最主要的地质因素。土壤在地表分布高度不均匀，是碳酸盐岩地区的地表少土的重要原因。对于酸不溶物含量相当的石灰岩和白云岩而言，由于白云岩的差异性风化明显弱于石灰岩，以及受各种应力作用后，白云岩形成的节理及裂隙密集而均匀，从而提高了近地表白云岩的含水能力，延长了风化过程中的水－岩反应时间，使风化作用可以相对集中于地表或近地表进行，有利于岩石的整体风化作用的进行，同时使白云岩风化壳基岩面起伏相对较小，风化残积形成的土壤分布也相对均匀。因此，白云岩区地表土层较厚，石漠化程度也稍弱于灰岩区。  相似文献   

豫西地区铝土矿中镓的分布规律研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

汤艳杰  贾建业  刘建朝 《矿物岩石》2002,22(1):15-20

镓是一种价格昂贵的稀散金属，其应用前景十分广阔。豫西地区的铝土矿石中含有丰富的镓资源。通过对区内铝土矿石中镓的分布特征做了多方面的对比研究，归纳出镓的分布规律：空间上，在不同铝土矿区的矿石中镓的平均质量分数变化显著，在矿体平均厚度最大的张窑院矿区，矿石中的镓高度富集。时间上，沉积成矿相对较早的铝土矿层，因其长期遭受强烈的表生富集作用，矿石中镓的平均品位较高。从矿石结构类型来看，土状和峰窝状矿石中的镓品位明显高于短、鲕状和致密状矿石。另外，矿石中镓平均含量的变化总与铝土矿富矿体的产出位置关系密切。并且，探讨了铝土矿中镓分布规律的控制因素。  相似文献   

An experimental study of grain scale melt segregation mechanisms in two common crustal rock types   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

C. W. Holyoke  III    T. Rushmer 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2002,20(5):493-512

Creation of pathways for melt to migrate from its source is the necessary first step for transport of magma to the upper crust. To test the role of different dehydration‐melting reactions in the development of permeability during partial melting and deformation in the crust, we experimentally deformed two common crustal rock types. A muscovite‐biotite metapelite and a biotite gneiss were deformed at conditions below, at and above their fluid‐absent solidus. For the metapelite, temperatures ranged between 650 and 800 °C at P_c=700 MPa to investigate the muscovite‐dehydration melting reaction. For the biotite gneiss, temperatures ranged between 850 and 950 °C at P_c=1000 MPa to explore biotite dehydration‐melting under lower crustal conditions. Deformation for both sets of experiments was performed at the same strain rate (ε.) 1.37×10^?5 s^?1. In the presence of deformation, the positive ΔV and associated high dilational strain of the muscovite dehydration‐melting reaction produces an increase in melt pore pressure with partial melting of the metapelite. In contrast, the biotite dehydration‐melting reaction is not associated with a large dilational strain and during deformation and partial melting of the biotite gneiss melt pore pressure builds more gradually. Due to the different rates in pore pressure increase, melt‐enhanced deformation microstructures reflect the different dehydration melting reactions themselves. Permeability development in the two rocks differs because grain boundaries control melt distribution to a greater extent in the gneiss. Muscovite‐dehydration melting may develop melt pathways at low melt fractions due to a larger volume of melt, in comparison with biotite‐dehydration melting, generated at the solidus. This may be a viable physical mechanism in which rapid melt segregation from a metapelitic source rock can occur. Alternatively, the results from the gneiss experiments suggest continual draining of biotite‐derived magma from the lower crust with melt migration paths controlled by structural anisotropies in the protolith.  相似文献   

Cation distribution and structure modelling of spinel solid solutions     

B. Lavina  G. Salviulo  A. Della Giusta 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(1):10-18

 This paper presents an improved generalisation of cation distribution determination based on an accurate fit of all crystal-chemical parameters. Cations are assigned to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the structure according to their scattering power and a set of bond distances optimised for spinel structure. A database of 295 spinels was prepared from the literature and unpublished data. Selected compositions include the following cations: Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, Si⁴⁺, Ti⁴⁺, V³⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺ and vacancies. Bond distance optimisation reveals a definite lengthening in tetrahedral distance when large amounts of Fe³⁺ or Ni²⁺ are present in the octahedral site. This means that these cations modify the octahedral angle and hence the shared octahedral edge, causing an increase in the tetrahedral distance with respect to the size of the cations entering it. Some applications to published data are discussed, showing the capacity and limitations of the method for calculating cation distribution, and for identifying inconsistencies and inaccuracies in experimental data. Received: 19 February 2001 / Accepted: 1 June 2001  相似文献