The effect of syndepositional deformation within the Upper Permian Capitan Platform on the speleogenesis and geomorphology of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA     

Eduard Ko&#x;a  David W. Hunt 《Geomorphology》2006,78(3-4):279-308

The Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico and Texas are home to more than 300 caves. Caves have been formed within the Upper Permian Capitan carbonate platform and are oriented along two structural trends, one of which is parallel to the platform margin and the other of which is roughly perpendicular to it. Our recent studies of the Capitan Platform have identified syndepositional faults associated with growth monoclines and synclines in Slaughter Canyon, New Mexico, and these are also parallel to the platform margin. In this study, we demonstrate that syndepositional faults and folds are also present in Rattlesnake and Walnut Canyons, as much as 19 km along strike, and that they have exerted control on karstification of the Guadalupe Mountains from the Upper Permian until present.Three distinctive episodes of karst formation have been recognised in outcrops on the basis of karst-filling deposits and crosscutting relationships. The syndepositional “Phase 1 karst” was formed along syndepositional faults and fractures and is filled by platform-derived sediments. The burial “Phase 2 karst” is filled by post-Permian siliciclastics and is limited to the youngest syndepositional faults and fractures that penetrate the platform in the proximity of its terminal margin. Connectivity of these youngest faults and fractures to the platform top and the overlying stratigraphy is inferred to have controlled the distribution of the Phase 2 karst. The “Phase 3 karst” includes the present cave systems, which were mainly formed by sulphuric acid produced by mixing of fossil and fresh underground waters in conjunction with the uplift of the Guadalupe Mountains in the Late Tertiary, and have since been modified by vadose karst processes. The Phase 3 karst caves are not solely developed along syndepositional faults and fractures as the earlier karst palaeocaverns are, but also follow another, uplift-related, structural trend.Syndepositional folds, faults, and fractures in the Capitan Platform have influenced the shaping of the modern surface geomorphology of the Guadalupe Mountains by controlling drainage and, hence, erosion. Trellis drainage parallel to the platform margin is developed where syndepositional folds, faults, and fractures occur. The morphology of the trellis drainage varies systematically across the range in response to the character of the deformation structures and karst features along which the drainage channels have developed.  相似文献   

Source identification for fine aerosols in Mammoth Cave National Park   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Weixiang Zhao  Philip K. Hopke   《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(4):309-322

In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the chemical composition data of the ambient PM_2.5 collected at the Mammoth Cave National Park, an IMPROVE site in Kentucky. Eight individual carbon fractions, four organic carbons (OCs), pyrolyzed organic carbon (OP) and three elemental carbons (ECs), were provided to the analysis. Nine sources including the well-distinguished gasoline emission and diesel emission were identified. Also, the back trajectories indicated the crustal factor in this study were likely caused by Saharan dust storms in the summer. The apportionment of nine sources was: gasoline emission (6.7%), diesel emission (3.1%), summer secondary sulfate (49.0%), winter secondary sulfate (0.6%), OP-rich secondary sulfate (16.2%), secondary nitrate (2.8%), Intercontinental dust plus soil (4.9%), wood smoke (13.6%), and aged sea salt (3.2%). The results of this study will help regularize the pollution control strategies in rural areas of Kentucky and upper mid-western US while demonstrating the feasibility of applying carbon fractions to the source apportionment of rural upper-Midwestern areas.  相似文献   

Cathedral Cave,Wellington Caves,New South Wales,Australia. A multiphase,non‐fluvial cave     

R. A. L. Osborne 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(14):2075-2103

Cathedral Cave is an outstanding example of a class of multiphase caves with largely non‐fluvial origins. It contains large cavities such as cathedrals and cupolas, characteristic of excavation by convection currents in rising waters. Smaller‐scale features such as rising half‐tubes, pseudonotches, curved juts, projecting corners, blades and bridges indicate intersection and exhumation of older cavities during the formation of younger ones. It is possible to recognize at least ten significant phases of speleogenesis by morphostratigraphy, in addition to the four generations of cave‐filling palaeokarst deposits intersected by the cave. The cave we see today results from the progressive integration of a number of previously disconnected or poorly connected solution cavities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Progress in optical dating of guano-rich sediments associated with the Deep Skull, West Mouth of the Great Cave of Niah, Sarawak, Borneo     

Mark Stephens  Richard G. Roberts  Olav B. Lian  Hiroyuki Yoshida 《Quaternary Geochronology》2007,2(1-4):330-336

The West Mouth of the Great Cave of Niah is one of the major archaeological sites in Southeast Asia; the radiocarbon chronology of this site currently places the earliest presence of Homo sapiens (a Deep Skull find) in Southeast Asia at about 45 ka BP. An optical dating programme using sand-sized quartz was initiated in the West Mouth to complement the radiocarbon chronology. This paper reports on the progress in dating a key sample (sample 376r) that was taken from deposits containing the Deep Skull. A somewhat novel procedure was developed to separate and clean quartz grains from the unusual guano-rich deposits. From this, only a small quantity of quartz grains could be recovered and 36 aliquots (1 mm in diameter) were prepared, each consisting of 80 grains. This sample was dated by means of the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) method using the protocols of Murray and Wintle [2000. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiation Measurements 32, 57–73], and of Choi et al. [2003. Luminescence dating of well-sorted marine terrace sediments on the southeastern coast of Korea. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 407–421]. The results showed a wide distribution of equivalent doses; this distribution is inferred to be due to bioturbation, variable bleaching at deposition, and to local variations in the dose rate within the sample site. Dose rates were measured using both field (in-situ γ-ray spectrometry, IGRS) and laboratory (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry, ICP-MS/AES; and isotope dilution, ID) methods. There was significant disagreement between the concentrations of radioisotopes found using laboratory and field measurements, indicating sediment heterogeneity and also possible disequilibrium in the ²³⁸U decay chain. Future work in the West Mouth should therefore concentrate on taking sediment samples of at least 500–600 cm³, improving the dose rate estimates (e.g. by high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry) and investigating other luminescence signals (e.g. red thermoluminescence) as potential geochronometers.  相似文献   

Climate change in southern Illinois, USA, based on the age and δC of organic matter in cave sediments     

Samuel V. Panno  B. Brandon Curry  Hong Wang  Keith C. Hackley  Chao-Li Liu  Craig Lundstrom  Juanzuo Zhou 《Quaternary Research》2004,61(3):301-313

Matrix-supported diamicton and uniform to laminated, silty, fine-grained sediment deposited from about 42,500 to 27,600 cal yr B.P. under slackwater conditions nearly filled two caves in southwestern Illinois. At some point, most of the sediment was flushed from the caves and from about 22,700 to 4000 cal yr B.P., floods deposited a drape of sandy and silty sediment on remnant slackwater successions, cobbly alluvium, and bedrock (especially from 7700 to 4000 cal yr B.P.). Clay mineral analyses of the slackwater cave sediment reveal a provenance of chiefly Petersburg Silt, a smectite- and illite-rich proglacial lacustrine unit present in the overlying Illinois Episode glacial succession. Today, remnants of the ancient subterranean slackwater deposits nearly fill several secondary passages and, in at least two locations, cover a cobble-mantled strath terrace 1.3 to 1.5 m above active stream channels. Slumping and sinkhole formation appear to have been important mechanisms for deposition of the ancient subterranean deposits. Slumping of these surficial deposits and associated vegetation can occur along the flanks of sinkholes (in addition to sinkhole formation) and enter caves; however, the finer organics, some of them comminuted during transport into the caves, become part of the cave alluvium. This finer organic fraction is the modern analog of the humified organic matter disseminated in slackwater sediment dated in this investigation by radiocarbon methods. Twenty-four ¹⁴C ages on humified organic matter provide chronologic control. The δ¹³C values of the organic matter reflect the proportion of C₄-type to C₃-type vegetation growing in and around swallets and sinkholes at the time of redeposition. Drought-tolerant C₄-type vegetation was more prevalent relative to C₃-type vegetation from 42,500 to 31,200 cal yr B.P. compared to conditions from 28,800 cal yr B.P. to the present. The δ¹³C values are consistent with the results from other investigations of speleothems and organic matter from loessial paleosols.  相似文献   

洞穴滴石石笋与陆地古环境记录研究进展   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11  

章程  袁道先 《地球科学进展》2001,16(3):374-381

洞穴碳酸盐沉积与其它自然材料相比 ,具有分布广 ,时间跨度大 ,生长机制对环境敏感 ,保存信息完整 ,适合于 U系测年等特点。可与海洋沉积物、冰芯、树轮相媲美。尤其是洞穴滴石石笋为大陆气候替代指标提供了一类独特的数据源。从稳定同位素地球化学、石笋微层、微量元素地球化学、洞穴碳酸盐结晶学和岩石学等方面论述了该领域的最新研究进展。如利用洞穴碳酸盐δ函数定量地分离出纯的温度信号 ;利用石笋碳同位素变化及草原与森林生态系统光合作用的差异特征 ,恢复草原 -森林间的演变过程 ,显示了其在全球变化研究中的重要地位和作用。  相似文献   

Cave sedimentation in the new Guinea highlands     

David Gillieson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1986,11(5):533-543

This paper investigates the nature and processes of sedimentation of allogenic cave deposits in the high relief, everwet karsts of montane New Guinea. Under the high intensity rainfall regime, episodic mass movements in small karst catchments provide a wide range of sediment textures from clayey gravels to fine clays. These allogenic sediments are deposited into pools of water within the caves, giving sedimentary structures analogous to turbidites. Diamictons within the cave relate to episodic mudflows in the catchment. These deposits move as fluidized masses in a manner similar to some esker deposits. Cross-stratified sediments are formed by dumping of pulses of sediment laden water into deep pools. Extremely fine-grained clays and muds accrete parallel to underlying surfaces following flood pulses. These deposits represent the last phase of catchment instability, when a small amount of slopewash occurs. Catchment processes are dominated by solution and episodic mass movements. When the thick root mat which masks the ground is disrupted, some slopewash occurs but it is not a major component in catchment processes.  相似文献   

Analysis of the karst aquifer structure of the Lamalou area (Hérault, France) with ground penetrating radar   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Walid Al-fares  Michel Bakalowicz  Roger Gurin  Michel Dukhan 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2002,51(2-4)

The study site at Lamalou karst spring (Hortus karst plateau) is situated 40 km north of Montpellier in France. It consists of a limestone plateau, drained by a karst conduit discharging as a spring. This conduit extends for a few dozen meters in fractured and karstified limestone rocks, 15 to 70 m below the surface. The conduit is accessible from the surface. The main goal of this study is to analyze the surface part of the karst and to highlight the karstic features and among them the conduit, and to test the performances of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in a karstic environment. This method thus appears particularly well adapted to the analysis of the near-surface (<30 m in depth) structure of a karst, especially when clayey coating or soil that absorbs and attenuates the radar is rare and discontinuous. A GPR pulseEKKO 100 (Sensors and Software) was used on the site with a 50-MHz antenna frequency. The results highlight structures characterizing the karstic environment: the epikarst, bedding planes, fractured and karstified zones, compact and massive rock and karrens, a typical karst landform. One of the sections revealed in detail the main conduit located at a depth of 20 m, and made it possible to determine its geometry. This site offers possibilities of validation of the GPR data by giving direct access to the karstic conduits and through two cored boreholes. These direct observations confirm the interpretation of all the GPR sections.  相似文献   

北京石花洞氡浓度的研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

吕金波 《城市地质》1997,9(2):29-32

通过对石花洞为各层氡浓度的测定，发现石花洞的氡浓度比广西岩溶洞穴的氡浓度要高，只是 与其周围的银狐洞、云水洞和国外洞穴相比要低。并根据国际放射防护委员会１９９０年建议书的规定，制定了石花洞内工作人员工作时间上限。  相似文献   

贵州荔波董歌洞较老石笋ICP-MS~(230)Th测年研究及古气候应用     

杨琰  袁道先  程海  覃嘉铭  林玉石  张美良  朱晓燕 《地层学杂志》2008,32(2):201-206

石笋记录研究的进展与测年技术的发展密不可分,测年新技术的突破不断推动利用石笋重建古气候研究的飞速前进。在利用石笋进行古气候重建过程中,建立精确的时标是首要条件。通过对较老(>250ka)石笋的ICP-MS230Th测年研究,发现贵州荔波董歌洞D6、D7、D9石笋具有比较连续的高分辨记录,最老年龄超过400ka,通过230Th测年数据的分析为建立我国西南地区500ka以来标准剖面打下基础;对董歌洞3根大型石笋135个230Th年龄数据及生长速率的分析研究,发现石笋生长速率在大尺度的变化上与海洋沉积SPECMAP曲线δ18O记录有很好的负相关关系,并与北纬25°夏季太阳辐射能量变化曲线呈一定的正相关关系,石笋生长速率的变化在间冰期处于高值,而在冰期时为低值,在间冰期和冰期转化阶段生长速率呈跳跃式变化。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去突变冷暖事件的变化,因此可以作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。  相似文献