早期太阳星云演化历史的指示剂——不同类型陨石母体的吸积和形成过程          下载免费PDF全文

王道德  缪秉魁  王桂琴 《极地研究》2009,21(3):234-254

不同类型球粒陨石母体的形成过程,可作为早期太阳星云化学演化的指示剂,它们包含原始球粒陨石中残存的前太阳颗粒,可提供太阳系外恒星演化的信息;原始球粒陨矿物-岩石学特征,可揭示早期太阳星云的凝聚和吸积作用过程;原始球粒陨石主要组分的氧同位素组成,可为了解形成不同类型球粒陨石的初始物质和形成环境提供重要的依据;原始球粒陨石中富钙-铝包体和球粒的形成年龄,可作为早期太阳星云演化的时标;原始球粒陨石的氧化-还原作用特征,可推断不同类型球粒陨石母体在太阳星云内距日心距离等,并进一步探讨早期太阳星云的化学演化。  相似文献   

中国南极陨石研究新进展          下载免费PDF全文

林杨挺  王道德  欧阳自远 《极地研究》2009,21(4):81-94

本文对我国南极陨石的收集、分类和研究工作进行了回顾和阶段性的总结。4次格罗夫山考察共发现陨石样品9834块,其中已完成和计划2008年完成分类的陨石共2431块。在正式公布的684块已分类陨石中,鉴定出2块火星陨石、2块灶神星陨石、6块橄辉无球粒陨石、5块中铁陨石、1块橄榄陨铁、1块铁陨石以及10块碳质球粒陨石等特殊样品,并对其中的部分样品开展了深入的研究。建议拓展南极陨石的收集,持续开展陨石的分类工作,并提出我国南极陨石研究的重点方向。  相似文献   

辽宁岫岩M_S5.9地震前应力积累的讨论     

吴晶  太龄雪  高原  石玉涛  焦明若 《地震》2009,29(3)

使用营口地震台记录的地震波形资料, 对1999年11月29日辽宁岫岩MS5.9地震前后进行剪切波分裂分析, 结果表明剪切波分裂参数在岫岩地震前后有明显的变化, 慢剪切波时间延迟在岫岩地震前约142天开始增加, 揭示了震前的应力积累过程. 应力积累的持续时间与震级的关系符合对数坐标下的直线拟合经验统计关系.  相似文献   

陨石的矿物-岩石学特征及其分类   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王道德  缪秉魁  林杨挺 《极地研究》2005,17(1):45-74

根据陨石的矿物岩石学特征、化学组成及结构可划分为球粒陨石及非球粒陨石质陨石两大类。球粒陨石进一步划分为碳质球粒陨石族(CI,CM,CO,CR,CB,CH,CV及CK球粒陨石)、普通球粒陨石族(H,L,LL球粒陨石)、顽辉石球粒陨石族(EH及EL球粒陨石)、R及K球粒陨石群,而非球粒陨石质陨石进一步划分为原始的无球粒陨石族(Acpulcoites,Lodranites,Wi nonaites,IAB硅酸盐包体及IIICD硅酸盐包体)和分异的陨石族。分异的陨石族包括:无球粒陨石(Angrites,Aubrites,Branchinites,橄辉无球粒陨石,HED灶神星陨石,SNCO火星陨石及月球陨石);石铁陨石(中铁陨石及橄榄陨铁);铁陨石(IAB,IC,IIAB,IIC,IID,IIE,IIIAB,IIICD,IIIE,II IF,IVA及IVB铁陨石化学群)。每一陨石族或陨石群,具有类似的成因或形成历史,并来自同一小行星体或行星体,藉此可建立不同陨石族或陨石群之间的成因联系,并可提供早期太阳星云的物理化学条件及其演化的信息。  相似文献   

天然高压矿物研究的新进展及其在地幔矿物学中的意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈鸣  谢先德 《高校地质学报》2000,6(2):121-125

对地表陨石坑岩石和陨石的冲击变质效应的研究, 是以往发现天然高压矿物的主要途径。α-PbO2 超斯石英、(Na,K,Ca)AlSi3O8-锰钡矿以及磷灰石高压同质多像变体等是几个近期在陨石中发现的天然高压相,这些高压相很可能存在于地幔之中。天然高压矿物的发现对地幔矿物学研究和发展起了推动作用。  相似文献   

Chemical characteristics of the crater lakes of Popocatetetl, El Chichon, and Nevado de Toluca volcanoes, Mexico     

M. A. Armienta  S. De la Cruz-Reyna  J. L. Macías 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

Three crater lakes from Mexican volcanoes were sampled and analyzed at various dates to determine their chemical characteristics. Strong differences were observed in the chemistry among the three lakes: Nevado de Toluca, considered as dormant, El Chichón at a post-eruptive stage, and Popocatépetl at a pre-eruptive stage. Not surprisingly, no influence of volcanic activity was found at the Nevado de Toluca volcano, while the other volcanoes showed a correlation between the changing level of activity and the evolution of chemical trends. Low pHs (<3.0) were measured in the water from the active volcanoes, while a pH of 5.6 was measured at the Nevado de Toluca Sun lake. Changes with time were observed at Popocatépetl and El Chichón. Concentrations of volcanic-gas derived species like Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and F⁻ decreased irregularly at El Chichón from 1983 until 1997. Major cations concentrations also diminished at El Chichón. A 100% increase in the SO₄²⁻ content was measured at Popocatépetl between 1985 and 1994. An increase in the Mg/Cl ratio between 1992 (Mg/Cl=0.085) and 1994 (Mg/Cl=0.177) was observed at Popocatépetl, before the disappearance of the crater lake in 1994. It is concluded that chemical analysis of crater lakes may provide a useful additional tool for active-volcano monitoring.  相似文献   

The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater     

L. G. Mastin  J. B. Witter 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydromagmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances under which these hazards occur and what disastrous effects they have caused in the past. Subaqueous eruptions represent only 8% of all recorded eruptions but have produced about 20% of all fatalities associated with volcanic activity in historical time. Excluding eruptions that have resulted in about a hundred deaths or less, lahars have killed people in the largest number of historical subaqueous eruptions (8), followed by pyroclastic flows (excluding base surges; 5) tsunamis (4), and base surges (2). Subaqueous eruptions have produced lahars primarily on high (>1000 m), steep-sided volcanoes containing small (<1 km diameter) crater lakes. Tsunamis and other water waves have caused death or destroyed man-made structures only at submarine volcanoes and at Lake Taal in the Philippines. In spite of evidence that magma–water mixing makes eruptions more explosive, such explosions and their associated base surges have caused fewer deaths, and have been implicated in fewer eruptions involving large numbers of fatalities than lahars and tsunamis. The latter hazards are more deadly because they travel much farther from a volcano and inundate coastal areas and stream valleys that tend to be densely settled.  相似文献   

Water chemistry of Lake Quilotoa (Ecuador) and assessment of natural hazards     

E. Aguilera  G. Chiodini  R. Cioni  M. Guidi  L. Marini  B. Raco 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

A geochemical survey carried out in November 1993 revealed that Lake Quilotoa was composed by a thin (14 m) oxic epilimnion overlying a 200 m-thick anoxic hypolimnion. Dissolved CO₂ concentrations reached 1000 mg/kg in the lower stratum. Loss of CO₂ from epilimnetic waters, followed by calcite precipitation and a consequent lowering in density, was the apparent cause of the stratification.The Cl, SO₄ and HCO₃ contents of Lake Quilotoa are intermediate between those of acid–SO₄–Cl Crater lakes and those of neutral-HCO₃ Crater lakes, indicating that Lake Quilotoa has a ‘memory’ of the inflow and absorption of HC1- and S-bearing volcanic (magmatic) gases. The Mg/Ca ratios of the lake waters are governed by dissolution of local volcanic rocks or magmas, but K/Na ratios were likely modified by precipitation of alunite, a typical mineral in acid–SO₄–Cl Crater lakes.The constant concentrations of several conservative chemical species from lake surface to lake bottom suggest that physical, chemical and biological processes did not have enough time, after the last overturn, to cause significant changes in the contents of these chemical species. This lapse of time might be relatively large, but it cannot be established on the basis of available data. Besides, the lake may not be close to steady state. Mixing of Lake Quilotoa waters could presently be triggered by either cooling epilimnetic waters by 4°C or providing heat to hypolimnetic waters or by seismic activity.Although Quilotoa lake contains a huge amount of dissolved CO₂ (3×10¹¹ g), at present the risk of a dangerous limnic eruption seems to be nil even though some gas exsolution might occur if deep lake waters were brought to the surface. Carbon dioxide could build up to higher levels in deep waters than at present without any volcanic re-awakening, due to either a large inflow of relatively cool CO₂-rich gases, or possibly a long interval between overturns. Periodical geochemical surveys of Lake Quilotoa are, therefore, recommended.  相似文献   

Analytical laboratory comparison of major and minor constituents in an active crater lake     

B. Takano  S. M. Fazlullin  P. Delmelle 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,97(1-4)

The crater lake water from Maly Semiachik volcano in Kamchatka was used for the international analytical laboratory comparison of major and minor elements, and hydrogen, sulfur, and oxygen isotope data. Eight institutions participated in this program, giving analytical results of 9 major and 20 minor elements mainly by using ICP-AES for cations and IC for anions. Among the major elements, Na, Mg and Si showed coefficients of variation (CV) of 10% or more, whereas B, Al, Fe, Mn had coefficients less than 7%. The CV% of the minor elements Co, Cu, P, Cr, Pb was much greater (>30%) while the V analyses agreed well (<10%). Ti, Sr, Zn, and F were intermediate (between 10 and 20 CV%). The errors observed for these constituents are inherent to the methods applied: large dilutions and spectrometric interferences. Even the major anions such as Cl (>2000 ppm) and SO₄ (>5000 ppm) gave considerable ranges (5.1 and 8.8 CV%, respectively) as did the obtained pH values (22 CV%). The measured δ¹⁸O of the water samples and δ³⁴S of sulfate are in excellent agreement but the δD values had CV% of 8. Technical recommendations are presented to improve the analytical results for these elements with significant deviations from the mean values.  相似文献   

锂同位素及其地质应用研究进展   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

赵葵东  蒋少涌 《高校地质学报》2001,7(4):390-398

锂同位素示踪是近几年发展起来的一门新兴的稳定同位素地球化学方法,锂有两个稳定同位素：^6Li和^7Li。自在界锂同位素的组成变化很大,其δ^6Li值变化幅度超过60‰,现代大洋水的δ^6Li值为－31．0‰,洋中脊玄武岩（BORB）的δ^6Li值为－4．7‰--3.7‰,由于锂同位素存在大的分馏和不同地质体中在截然不同的δ^6Li值,因此锂同位素地质应用前景十分广泛。目前,锂同位素在研究星云形成过程和宇宙事件,洋壳蚀变和海底热液活动,壳－幔物质循环和板块俯冲作用过程,判断卤水起源和演化等方面的研究中成效显著。  相似文献