Positional accuracy improvement: a comparative study in Shanghai,China     

Xiaohua Tong  Dan Liang  Gusheng Xu  Songlin Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1147-1171

With the rapid development of geospatial data capture technologies such as the Global Positioning System, more and higher accuracy data are now readily available to upgrade existing spatial datasets having lower accuracy using positional accuracy improvement (PAI) methods. Such methods may not achieve survey-accurate spatial datasets but can contribute to significant improvements in positional accuracy in a cost-effective manner. This article addresses a comparative study on PAI methods with applications to improve the spatial accuracy of the digital cadastral for Shanghai. Four critical issues are investigated: (1) the choice of improvement model in PAI adjustment; five PAI models are presented, namely the translation, scale and translation, similarity, affine, and second-order polynomial models; (2) the choice of estimation method in PAI adjustment; three estimation methods in PAI adjustment are proposed, namely the classical least squares (LS) adjustment, which assumes that only the observation vector contains error, the general least squares (GLS) adjustment, which regards both the ground and map coordinates of control points as observations with errors, and the total least squares (TLS) adjustment, which takes the errors in both the observation vector and the design matrix into account; (3) the impact of the configuration of ground control points (GCPs) on the result of PAI adjustment; 12 scenarios of GCP configurations are tested, including different numbers and distributions of GCPs; and (4) the deformation of geometric shape by the above-mentioned transformation models is presented in terms of area and perimeter.

The empirical experiment results for six test blocks in Shanghai demonstrated the following. (1) The translation model hardly improves the positional accuracy because it accounts only for the shift error within digital datasets. The other four models (i.e., the scale and translation, similarity, affine, and second-order polynomial models) significantly improve the positional accuracy, which is assessed at checkpoints (CKPs) by calculating the difference between the updated coordinates transformed from the map coordinates and the surveyed coordinates. On the basis of the refined Akaike information criterion, the two best optimal transformation models for PAI are determined as the scale and translation and affine transformation models. (2) The weighted sum of square errors obtained using the GLS and TLS methods are much less than those obtained using the classical least squares method. The result indicates that both the GLS and TLS estimation methods can achieve greater reliability and accuracy in PAI adjustment. (3) The configuration of GCPs has a considerable effect on the result of PAI adjustment. Thus, an optimal configuration scheme of GCPs is determined to obtain the highest positional accuracy in the study area. (4) Compared with the deformations of geometric shapes caused by the transformation models, the scale and translation model is found to be the best model for the study area.  相似文献   

Digital map conflation: a review of the process and a proposal for classification     

Juan J. Ruiz  F. Javier Ariza  Elidia B. Blázquez 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1439-1466

This article is centred on analysing the state of the art of the conflation processes applied to geospatial databases (GDBs) from heterogeneous sources. The term conflation is used to describe the procedure for the integration of these different data, and conflation methods play an important role in systems for updating GDBs, derivation of new cartographic products, densification of digital elevation models, automatic features extraction and so on. In this article we define extensively each conflation process, its evaluation measures and its main application problems and present a classification of all conflation processes. Finally, we introduce a bibliography which the reader may find useful to further explore the field. It tries to serve as a starting point and direct the reader to characteristic research in this area.  相似文献   

一种转发式卫星授时新方法     

杜晓辉  施浒立  张丽荣  刘成 《云南天文台台刊》2012,(1):34-38

为了减少对GPS提供的高精度授时服务的依赖,建设拥有自主知识产权的且具有投入成本低、精度高的授时系统。提出了一种利用地面高稳定度原子钟作为时频基准,通过通信卫星转发实现卫星广播授时的新方法。详细研究了利用地面高稳定度原子钟和通信卫星组成的导航星座进行多星授时、单星授时的原理和测量方法,分析研究了影响授时精度的原因。由于转发式卫星授时系统的时频基准源稳定度高,其测距精度也会相应的提高。只要精确扣除时延误差,同样可以实现高精度授时。粗码的授时精度可达20ns以内,短精码的授时精度可达10ns左右。总之该系统具有组建灵活简便、应用面广等优势和特色。  相似文献   

��ˮ׼���ݵ�GPS�߳�ת�����������ȷ���   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张兴福  刘成  王兵海  魏德宏 《大地测量与地球动力学》2010,30(1):114-118

?о?????GPS?????λ??????????????λ????????????????WGS84??????μ??????????????EGM2008?????и???????????4??IGS????????????????????????λ?????????????????????????????GPS?????????????????з????????????????????????Щ????????EGM2008????????и????????侫????????15 cm??  相似文献   

DEM采样间隔对地形描述精度的影响研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

邓仕虎  杨勤科 《地理与地理信息科学》2010,26(2)

数字高程模型(DEM)的精度包括采样点数据精度和地形描述精度两方面,前人对DEM精度的研究多集中在DEM采样点精度,而忽视了地形描述精度。该文提出基于窗口曲面拟合计算拟合曲面系列参数与"实际地形"曲面参数的标准差来衡量地形描述精度的方法,研究发现DEM地形描述精度随采样间隔的增大呈降低趋势;并利用坡度频率曲线和坡度累计频率曲线研究对DEM精度敏感的坡度因子与DEM采样间隔的关系,认为随DEM采样间隔增大,坡度衰减(变缓)的速率加快。  相似文献   

SRTM DEM高程精度评价   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

詹蕾  汤国安  杨昕 《地理与地理信息科学》2010,26(1)

为了全面认识SRTM DEM数据精度特征并完善SRTM DEM数据精度评定方法,该文以我国1∶5万比例尺DEM为参考数据,以具有多种地貌类型的陕西省为实验样区,利用高程中误差模型及空间插值方法对SRTMDEM进行高程精度分析。结果表明:陕西省的SRTM DEM高程中误差在3.5~60.7 m,呈现出较为显著的空间分异特征;并且高程中误差与实验样区平均坡度有较强的指数相关性,拟合的指数函数具有较高的模拟精度。  相似文献   

近震震源深度测定精度的理论误差分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

张晁军  张晓东  苗春兰  丁秋琴  张爱武 《中国地震》2010,26(2)

震源深度是地震学中最难准确测定的参数之一,各种方法对于震源深度的估计都具相当程度的不确定性,影响着人们对震源过程的认识。各种因素对震源深度的影响是非线性的,本文从近震走时公式入手,分析了震中距、到时残差和速度模型(地壳模型)对震源深度的影响。当地震波传播速度一定时,震源深度的误差随着震中距或台站距离的增大和走时残差的增大而增大。走时残差一定时,震源深度误差随着震中距的增大和地震波速度的增大而增大。研究也表明,当速度已知,走时残差一定时,越浅的地震,定位误差可能越大。定位精度产生的水平误差随着震中距、走时误差和地震波速度的增大而增大,震源深度误差也将增大。另外,震源深度的误差会导致发震时刻的变化,随之而来的结果都会因此而改变。  相似文献   

Trends of tropical deforestation in Southeast Mexico     

José Reyes Díaz‐Gallegos  Jean‐François Mas  Alejandro Velázquez 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(2):180-196

We assessed deforestation in Southeast Mexico (a surface area of 29 000 km² in seven states) through the comparison of land use/land cover maps at a scale of 1:250 000. This facilitated mapping of the land use/land cover change (LULCC) processes and calculation of the rates of change and the change matrix for the period 1978–2000. An original method was used to assess the accuracy of the LULCC map. The verification sites were selected through a stratified random sampling and were corroborated with aerial photographs for 1978 and 2000. Error matrices were elaborated using both hard and fuzzy set approaches in order to take into account the errors related to generalization of the map in fragmented landscapes. The results showed an average annual deforestation rate of 1.1 per cent which represents an average annual loss of 190 000 ha of forest, or an estimated total reduction of 4.2 million ha over 22 years. Furthermore, deforestation processes are concentrated in some areas such as Yucatan and Chiapas states, which registered major forest conversions to grassland and slash‐burning. The overall accuracy of the LULCC map, assessed with hard and fuzzy set approaches, was 72 per cent and 88 per cent respectively.  相似文献   

Mapping land cover changes in Mexico, 1976–2000 and applications for guiding environmental management policy     

Alejandro Velázquez  Jean‐François Mas  Gerardo Bocco  José Luis Palacio‐Prieto 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2010,31(2):152-162

Land use conversion typically implicates deforestation and fragmentation of primary land cover types, which invariably translates into impoverishment of both natural and cultural capital. Understanding where conversion is taking place crucially underpins sound environmental policy instruments to prevent these enormous social and economic costs. This paper examines 30 years of semi‐detailed (1:250 000) land cover mapping in Mexico. Pre‐existing analogue databases describing land cover patterns in the 1970s and 1990s were reviewed, corrected, reorganized and transformed into a digital format. Current land cover patterns were depicted by conducting updated reinterpretation on Landsat ETM+ imagery. Digital cartographic overlaying was performed and the results were used to construct a spatially explicit land use/land cover change (LULCC) database with an additional accuracy assessment procedure. The value of the results of this analysis is also seen in the light of their direct applications for identifying critical watershed trends, for guiding the allocation of financial funds for sound land use planning and for assessing the effectiveness of established protected areas. This effort highlights the importance of new and more effective geographical approaches to depict, understand and contribute to informed measures to mitigate ongoing negative trends in land cover and climatic changes.  相似文献   

地壳形变与地震预测研究中的测量精度   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

薄万举  陈聚忠  苏健锋  郑智江 《大地测量与地球动力学》2011,31(1):44-48

对地壳形变与地震预测研究中普遍存在对测量成果精度要求过于苛刻的问题进行了分析,结果认为这可能导致以前很多有价值的信息未能得到充分的利用。追求高质量的观测数据是对的,但针对实际问题的性质和需求,首先应强调如何充分发挥历史资料的作用,因为历史资料可能精度不高,但更可能是无法取代的。因此要最大限度地挖掘原有数据中的有用信息,切不可因误差较大而放弃可能获取有用信息的机会。并以中国大陆1999—2009两期GPS垂直形变速率场及其分析和应用为例,用实例进一步阐释这一观点。  相似文献