Investigations of subsurface flow constructed wetlands and associated geomaterial resources in the Akumal and Reforma regions,Quintana Roo,Mexico     

Mark P. S. Krekeler  Pete Probst  Misha Samsonov  Cynthia M. Tselepis  William Bates  Lance E. Kearns  J. Barry Maynard 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(4):709-726

Subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the village of Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico were surveyed to determine the general status of the wetland systems and provide baseline information for long term monitoring and further study. Twenty subsurface flow wetlands were surveyed and common problems observed in the systems were overloading, poor plant cover, odor, and no secondary containment. Bulk mineral composition of aggregate from two subsurface flow constructed wetlands was determined to consist solely of calcite using bulk powder X-ray diffraction. Some soil structure is developed in the aggregate and aggregate levels in wetlands drop at an estimated rate between 3 and 10 cm/year for overloaded wetlands owing to dissolution. Mineral composition from fresh aggregate samples commonly is a mixture of calcite and aragonite. Trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Co, and Cr were observed in fresh aggregate. Coefficients of permeability (k) varied from 0.006 to 0.027 cm/s with an average values being 0.016 cm/s. Grain size analysis of fresh aggregate samples indicates there are unimodal and multimodal size distributions in the samples with modes in the coarse and fine sand being common. Investigations of other geologic media from the Reforma region indicate that a dolomite with minor amounts of Fe-oxide and palygorskite is abundant and may be a better aggregate source that the current materials used. A Ca-montmorillonite bed was identified in the Reforma region as well and this unit is suitable to serve as a clay liner to prevent leaks for new and existing wetland systems. These newly discovered geologic resources should aid in the improvement of subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the region. Although problems do exist in these wetlands with respect to design, these systems represent a successful implementation of constructed wetlands at a community level in developing regions.  相似文献   

Environmentalism and Natural Aggregate Mining     

Drew  Lawrence J.  Langer  William H.  Sachs  Janet S. 《Natural Resources Research》2002,11(1):19-28

Sustaining a developed economy and expanding a developing one require the use of large volumes of natural aggregate. Almost all human activity (commercial, recreational, or leisure) is transacted in or on facilities constructed from natural aggregate. In our urban and suburban worlds, we are almost totally dependent on supplies of water collected behind dams and transported through aqueducts made from concrete. Natural aggregate is essential to the facilities that produce energy—hydroelectric dams and coal-fired powerplants. Ironically, the utility created for mankind by the use of natural aggregate is rarely compared favorably with the environmental impacts of mining it. Instead, the empty quarries and pits are seen as large negative environmental consequences. At the root of this disassociation is the philosophy of environmentalism, which flavors our perceptions of the excavation, processing, and distribution of natural aggregate. The two end-member ideas in this philosophy are ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Ecocentrism takes the position that the natural world is a organism whose arteries are the rivers—their flow must not be altered. The soil is another vital organ and must not be covered with concrete and asphalt. The motto of the ecocentrist is man must live more lightly on the land. The anthropocentrist wants clean water and air and an uncluttered landscape for human use. Mining is allowed and even encouraged, but dust and noise from quarry and pit operations must be minimized. The large volume of truck traffic is viewed as a real menace to human life and should be regulated and isolated. The environmental problems that the producers of natural aggregate (crushed stone and sand and gravel) face today are mostly difficult social and political concerns associated with the large holes dug in the ground and the large volume of heavy truck traffic associated with quarry and pit operations. These concerns have increased in recent years as society's demand for living space has encroached on the sites of production; in other words, the act of production has engendered condemnation. Many other environmental problems that are associated with dust and noise and blasting from quarry and pit operations have been reduced through the efficient use of technology. Recycling concrete in buildings, bridges, and roads and asphaltic pavements will ultimately reduce the demand for virgin natural aggregate. The impact created by the large holes in the ground required for the mining of natural aggregate can be greatly reduced by planning their reclamation before mining begins.  相似文献   

土石混合料强度特性的试验研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

董云 《岩土力学》2007,28(6):1269-1274

开挖山体得到的土石混合料因强度高、施工方便而被广泛用作路基或基础的填料,但由于受地质条件、含石量、粒度分布范围及颗粒粒径等因素的影响,土石混合料的力学性质表现出明显的非线性,强度指标无法通过常规的试验设备检测,导致应用土石混合料填筑的路基或基础经常出现较大的差异沉降或滑塌,严重影响上部结构的使用。为了研究土石混合料的强度特性及其随各影响因素的变化规律,对室内大型直剪试验进行了改进,研制了新型的大型直剪试验系统,对不同类别土石混合料在不同影响因素下进行了击实试验和大型直剪试验。研究发现,在高应力条件下,土石混合料的剪切破坏不再完全符合库仑定律,抗剪强度应进行一定的折减;试验结果揭示了土石混合料的强度指标随各主要影响因素的变化趋势,初步建立了土石混合料指标随各影响因素的变化规律。结果还表明,母岩性质及含石量对混合料的强度指标影响较大,硬岩类混合料的内摩擦角普遍比软岩类高,混合料的强度随含石量变化规律为,当含石量小于30 %时,含石量的变化对强度影响较小,随含石量的增加,混合料的强度也呈抛物线形增长,一般至含石量为70 %左右达到峰值。  相似文献   

圆钢管轻集料混凝土梁与混凝土桥墩连接节点试验研究     

孙洪滨  董亚东  姜竹昌  吉伯海 《地震学刊》2011,(5):578-584

为了解决圆钢管轻集料混凝土梁与混凝土桥墩的整体连接问题,共设计了穿心钢筋、穿心钢筋加弯矩传递板和穿心工字钢3种节点连接形式,采用拟静力试验研究了刚节点在低周反复荷载作用下的抗震耗能性能。试验结果表明,3种节点都具有良好的抗震耗能性能,等效粘滞阻尼系数都超过了钢筋混凝土结构要求的0.1,延性系数都大于规范规定的2;在节点屈服以后,3种节点仍然具有一定的承载力,其中穿心钢筋和穿心工字钢节点的延性系数和等效粘滞阻尼系数基本相同,穿心钢筋加弯矩传递板较其他2种刚节点稍差。  相似文献   

Rock-magnetic properties of topsoils and urban dust from Morelia (>800,000 inhabitants), Mexico: Implications for anthropogenic pollution monitoring in Mexico’s medium size cities     

Bertha Aguilar Reyes  Francisco Bautista  Avto Goguitchaichvili  Juan Julio Morales Contreras  Julie Battu  Patricia Quintana Owen  Claire Carvallo 《Geofísica Internacional》2013,52(2):121-133

In this work, we investigate the correlation between some magnetic parameters and the level of contamination by heavy metals in urban soils from Morelia city, western Mexico. The magnetic study was carried out on 98 urban soils samples belonging to distinct land uses. Most of analyzed samples contain ferrimagnetic minerals as the responsible for magnetization, most probably corresponding to the titanomagnetites/ titanomaghemites solid solutions. This is inferred from the susceptibility vs. temperature measurements and the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) experiments. These measurements also indicate that most of samples are almost completely saturated before 300 mT. Additionally, the S_-200 values (S_-200 = IRM_-200/ SIRM, where IRM_-200= Back-field of 200 mT after magnetic saturation) are between 0.7 and 1.0, characteristic of low coercivity magnetic minerals. The averaged saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) curves can be used as an indicator of pollution level, as these curves show different saturation values according to the level of contamination by heavy metals: Cu, Ni, Cr and Sr. These associations of (titano)magnetite with heavy metals were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope revealing some complex aggregates rather than commonly detected spherules.  相似文献   

煤矿隐蔽特大突水通道快速封堵技术研究     

王社荣  卫兆祥  雷甫仓  薛国标  同新立  李云英 《中国煤炭地质》2013,(11):31-35,54

2011年8月6日14时,临近黄河的韩城禹昌煤矿在11^#煤层回采过程中发生底板奥灰水突水,突水通过相邻煤矿采空区,并与8月7日零时5分许冲跨桑树坪煤矿北二车场绕道封闭墙进入斜井280m大巷,很快淹没整个大巷系统造成斜井整体淹井事故。在进行了井上、下水文地质调查、物探、钻探探查和示踪剂测试、水质化验与综合分析研究的基础上,初步确定了突水点与过水通道的区域,结合矿井11#煤层顶、底板、奥灰岩峰峰二段水文地质条件特征,采取了骨料灌注沉积法和松散体注浆加固法,成功隔离了两个矿井之间的水力联系。经过单位吸水率、追排水量、水位变化、残余出水量检验,达到了预期目的,实现了隐蔽突水点及过水通道快速封堵,为矿井全面恢复生产提供了重要保障。  相似文献   

Seasonal soil aggregate stability variation in relation to rainfall and temperature under Mediterranean conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. Dimoyiannis 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(6):860-866

Aggregate stability, one of the main factors controlling soil erodibility, varies over time. Knowledge of its variation would help to identify better soil management practices. In 10 soils from central Greece devoted to cereal cropping, seasonal wet aggregate stability (WAS) fluctuations were investigated over a period of two successive years. The wet‐sieving technique of air‐dried aggregates was used for WAS determinations, according to a test resulting in an instability index calculation. Over the first year, when typical Mediterranean climatic conditions dominated, WAS varied according to a nearly cyclic pattern, from a low in winter or early‐spring months to a high in summer months. The instability index varied from a high between 123–152% of annual average to a low between 58–83% of annual average. Total monthly rainfall (TR) and mean monthly air temperature (MAT) strongly correlated with seasonal WAS. Their ratio (TR/MAT, ombrothermic ratio) has been proved to be a good predictor of structural stability throughout the year, for most of the soils studied. Possible mechanisms deteriorating aggregation seemed to be raindrop impact, repeated soil drying and wetting and repeated soil freezing and thawing, while possible mechanisms promoting aggregation seemed to be soil drying and warming and biological activity. Over the second year, severe climatic inconsistencies complicated the seasonal pattern of WAS response. From January to March, WAS unexpectedly increased, obtaining its maximum value for most of the soils in March, then it varied inconsistently until October and thereafter decreased, obtaining its minimum value in December for all soils. The instability index varied from a high between 130–196% of annual average to a low between 61–83% of annual average. Uneven seasonal distribution of climatic characteristics and extreme events decisively modified the typical for Mediterranean conditions seasonal WAS variation pattern. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis of SWAT model in upper reaches of the Heihe river basin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhanling Li  Zongxue Xu  Quanxi Shao  Jing Yang 《水文研究》2009,23(19):2744-2753

Heihe river basin, the second largest inland river basin in China, has attracted more attention in China due to the ever increasing water resources and eco‐environmental problems. In this article, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool; http://www.brc.tamus.edu/swat/ ) model was applied to upper reaches of the basin for better understanding of the hydrological process over the watershed. Parameter uncertainty and its contribution on model simulation are the main foci. In model calibration, the aggregate parameters instead of the original parameters in SWAT model were used to reduce the computing effort. The Bayesian approach was employed for parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis because its posterior distribution provides not only parameter estimation but also uncertainty analysis without normality assumption. The results indicated that: (1) SWAT model performs satisfactorily in this watershed as a whole, although some low and high flows were under‐ or overestimated, particularly in dry (e.g. 1991) and wet (e.g. 1996) years; (2) all calibrated parameters were not normally distributed (essentially positively or negatively skewed) and the parameter uncertainties were relatively small; and (3) the contributions of parameter uncertainty on model simulation uncertainty were relatively small. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

高强高性能混凝土损伤的细观数值演化          下载免费PDF全文

郑捷  左河山  陈景恒  曹文平  郑山锁 《地震工程学报》2016,38(5):745-750,769

在细观层次上,混凝土可以被看作由水泥基、分散粒子和界面过渡层组成的三相复合材料。首先,基于骨料分布和形态的随机特性,将瓦拉文公式推广应用于确定二维混凝土试件截面凸多边形骨料分布,提出圆形骨料模型中以圆骨料的面积为控制参数,以圆内接多边形为基架的凸多边形随机骨料算法。进而以C80高强高性能混凝土为例,对数值试样进行单轴受压的数值模拟,得到相应的应力-应变曲线和损伤演化图。数值模拟结果与物理试验结果对比表明本文提出的数值模型合理可行。  相似文献   

Detoxification of hazardous dust with marine sediment     

Yu-Ling Wei  Chang-Yuan Lin  H. Paul Wang 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

Hazardous electric arc furnace dust containing dioxins/furans and heavy metals is blended with harbor sediment, fired at 950–1100 °C to prepare lightweight aggregates. Dust addition can lower the sintering temperature by about 100 °C, as compared to a typical industrial process. After firing at 950 °C and 1050 °C, more than 99.85% of dioxins/furans originally present in the dust have been removed and/or destructed in the mix containing a dust/sediment ratio of 50:100. The heavy metals leached from all fired mixes are far below Taiwan EPA legal limits. The particle density of the lightweight aggregates always decreases with increasing firing temperature. Greater addition of the dust results in a considerably lower particle density (mostly <2.0 g cm⁻³) fired at 1050 °C and 1100 °C. However, firing at temperatures lower than 1050 °C produces no successful bloating, leading to a denser particle density (>2.0 g cm⁻³) that is typical of bricks.  相似文献