POST-VOLCANIC EROSION RATES OF SHOMYO FALLS IN TATEYAMA, CENTRAL JAPAN   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

YUICHI S. HAYAKAWA  HIROYUKI OBANAWA  YUKINORI MATSUKURA 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(1):65-74

Post‐eruptive fluvial erosion of welded pyroclastic flow deposits often depends on the recession of waterfalls because of their rapid erosion involved. We examine the recession rate of Shomyo Falls, which consists of Pleistocene welded pyroclastic flow deposits in Tateyama, north‐central Japan. The mean recession rate of the waterfall obtained from lithological and topographical evidences is 0.08‐0.15 m/a for 100000 a. However, the recession rate estimated by means of an empirical equation comprising physical parameters of erosive force and bedrock resistance is 0.006‐0.011 m/a with small uncertainties. The discrepancy between the geology‐based and equation‐based recession rates indicates that some factors, not taken account of in the equation, significantly influence the recession rate. We suggest that a factor in the rapid erosion of the waterfall is a large amount of transported sediment acting as abrasive material, which is supplied from high mountains in the watershed above the waterfall.  相似文献   

天山北麓河流阶地序列及形成年代   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

吕红华  李有利  南峰  司苏沛  刘运明  钱蟒  赵洪壮 《地理学报》2008,63(1):65-74

天山北麓河流阶地序列及其年代一直是悬而未决的问题。根据详细的野外工作, 确定天山北麓发育7 级河流阶地, 其中T₇、T₆、T₅ 及T₂ 等主要阶地为河流切割先期冲积扇而形 成, 与4 级阶地对应的4 期冲积扇分别为F₁、F₂、F₃ 与F₄。由于天山北麓构造隆升向盆地方 向迁移, 冲积扇呈串珠状发育, 背斜带间发育的冲积扇平面形态则由于南北背斜的限制而变 得不规则。基于黄土-古土壤序列对比分析、ESR 与OSL 测年以及前人研究成果, 确定天山 北麓河流下切形成T₇、T₆、T₅ 及T₂ 等阶地的时间分别为约0.54 Ma BP、0.3~0.2 Ma BP、 28~8 ka BP 和全新世早期。阶地年代表明, 天山北麓3 级主要阶地T₇、T₆、T₅ 及对应冲积扇 发育与天山更新世3 个冰期间冰期旋回基本对应。  相似文献   

河流侵淤作用下三维地层模型的构建   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

朱良峰  潘信 《岩土力学》2005,26(Z1):65-68

基于钻孔数据的多层DEM构模技术是构建沉积环境下三维地层模型的有效方法,但该方法对在河流的侵蚀和淤积交替作用下形成的地层建模效果并不理想。针对这种缺陷,对传统的建模流程加以改进,充分考虑到河流侵蚀作用对地层的切割影响,在建模的过程中对地层层面进行了两次插值与高程调整,使在钻孔附近地层的尖灭处理更为自然与合理。应用实例表明,该方法的建模结果非常接近于实际地层分布情况,从而验证了该方法的可靠性。  相似文献   

Tools and cover effects in bedload transport observations in the Pitzbach,Austria     

Jens M. Turowski  Dieter Rickenmann 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(1):26-37

We report bedload data and acoustic impulse measurements due to particle impact from the Pitzbach in Austria. Impulse counts can be viewed as a measure of the energy delivered to the bed by moving particles. Impulse counts show a large scatter even for the same discharge and bedload supply. This scatter is due to varying grain size distribution, grain shape, mode of transport of the sediment particles and spatial and temporal distribution of the sediment load. The mean impulse count at given hydraulic conditions may increase or decrease with increasing sediment supply, suggesting that both tools and cover effects are active on the channel bed. Dependent on the local balance between sediment supply and transport capacity, either effect may be dominant at different locations along the cross‐section at the same time. Furthermore, the same bed location may respond to increasing sediment supply as tools‐dominated at some discharges and cover‐dominated at other discharges. Our observations may have implications for modelling of bedrock erosion in landscape evolution models and of bedrock channel morphology. Erosion models that do not incorporate both tools and cover effects are not sufficient to describe observations. Furthermore, a local erosion law cannot in general be used to describe erosion averaged over the channel cross‐section. The changing balance between sediment supply and transport capacity with increasing discharge highlights that a single representative discharge is not sufficient to capture the full erosion dynamics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Fluvial hydraulics of hyperconcentrated floods in Chinese rivers     

Zhao‐Yin Wang  Pu Qi  Charles Steven Melching 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(7):981-993

Hyperconcentrated floods, with sediment concentrations higher than 200 kg/m³, occur frequently in the Yellow River and its tributaries on the Loess Plateau. This paper studies the fluvial hydraulics of hyperconcentrated floods by statistical analysis and comparison with low sediment concentration floods. The fluvial process induced by hyperconcentrated floods is extremely rapid. The river morphology may be altered more at a faster rate by one hyperconcentrated flood than by low sediment concentration floods over a decade. The vertical sediment concentration distribution in hyperconcentrated floods is homogeneous. The Darcy–Weisbach coefficient of hyperconcentrated floods varies with the Reynolds number in the same way as normal open channel flows but a representative viscosity is used to replace the viscosity, η. If the concentration is not extremely high and the Reynolds number is larger than 2000, the flow is turbulent and the Darcy–Weisbach coefficient for the hyperconcentrated floods is almost the same as low sediment concentration floods. Serious channel erosion, which is referred to as ‘ripping up the bottom’ in Chinese, occurs in narrow‐deep channels during hyperconcentrated floods. However, in wide‐shallow channels, hyperconcentrated floods may result in serious sedimentation. Moreover, a hyperconcentrated flood may cause the channel to become narrower and deeper, thus, reducing the flood stage by more than 1 m if the flood event lasts longer than one day. The fluvial process during hyperconcentrated floods also changes the propagation of flood waves. Successive waves may catch up with and overlap the first wave, thus, increasing the peak discharge of the flood wave during flood propagation along the river course. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

1631年湖南省常德地震的再考证   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

董瑞树  周庆  陈晓利  杜龙  于红梅 《地震地质》2009,31(1):162-173

1631年(明崇祯4年)在常德附近发生了一次破坏性地震,前人对该地震作过探讨研究,曾给出了4个等震线图和震中定位。文中在重新查阅历史记载资料的基础上,重新绘制了该地震的等震线,其极震区的烈度为Ⅸ度,相对应的震级为级。以该地震内圈等震线的几何中心为震中,根据梅世蓉-萨瓦连斯基有关震中烈度、震级和震源深度之间的统计关系,以及谢毓寿的统计结果,得到的震源深度为15～18km。最后文中还讨论了历史资料考证、判别的问题和不同地基条件的影响  相似文献   

Impact of groundwater flow on meandering; example from the Geul River,The Netherlands     

R. T. van Balen  C. Kasse  J. De Moor 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(13):2010-2028

The Geul River, located in the south‐eastern part of The Netherlands, is a meandering river with a planform shape characterized by large loops consisting of multiple bends. We evaluate the effect(s) of groundwater flow on the shapes of meanders as a possible explanation for the multi‐bend loops, using a combined meandering–groundwater computer model. In the model seeping groundwater enhances bank erodibility. Based on the simulation results, we present a conceptual, generalized model for groundwater–meandering interaction, based on wavelength selection and fixation effects. Wavelength selection occurs because of the positive feedback between growing meander bends and groundwater flow patterns and velocities. The promoted wavelengths have the same spatial scale as the groundwater flow system in the aquifer underlying the floodplain. In the case of the Geul River these wavelengths are of the order of 100 m. Since groundwater flow velocities are largest close to the recharging hill‐slopes, the seepage‐enhanced bank erodibilities are at a maximum near the floodplain limits. At these locations the difference in erodibility between banks facing the floodplain and those facing the hill slopes is large, so it is difficult for the river to migrate away from the floodplain limits. This causes long stretches of the river to be aligned along the floodplain limits, which we term a fixation effect. This mechanism best explains the multi‐bend loops of the Geul River. The general interaction between groundwater flow and meandering is site specific since it depends on climatic, fluvial and hydrogeological parameters. The Geul is characterized by a wide floodplain and steep hill‐slopes, and it is underlain by coarse‐grained deposits with good aquifer properties, favoring an important groundwater system. Since this kind of river frequently occurs, our results could apply to many other river systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Persistence of the surface texture of a gravel‐bed river during a large flood     

Jordan A. Clayton  John Pitlick 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(5):661-673

We present herein clear field evidence for the persistence of a coarse surface layer in a gravel‐bed river during flows capable of transporting all grain sizes present on the channel bed. Detailed field measurements of channel topography and bed surface grain size were made in a gravel‐bed reach of the Colorado River prior to a flood in 2003. Runoff produced during the 2003 snowmelt was far above average, resulting in a sustained period of high flow with a peak discharge of 27 m³/s (170% of normal peak flow); all available grain sizes within the study reach were mobilized in this period of time. During the 2003 peak flow, the river avulsed immediately upstream of the study reach, thereby abandoning approximately one half kilometer of the former channel. The abandonment was rapid (probably within a few hours), leaving the bed texture essentially frozen in place at the peak of the flood. All locations sampled prior to the flood were resampled following the stream abandonment. In response to the high flow, the surface median grain size (D_50s) coarsened slightly in the outer part of the bend while remaining nearly constant along the inner part of the bend, resulting in an overall increase from 18 to 21 mm for the study reach. Thus, the coarse bed surface texture persisted despite shear stresses throughout the bend that were well above the critical entrainment value. This may be explained because the response of the bed texture to increases in flow strength depends primarily upon the continued availability of the various grain size percentiles in the supply, which in this case was essentially unlimited for all sizes present in the channel. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The correlation and sequence architecture of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea Basin,NW England     

N. S. Meadows 《Geological Journal》2006,41(1):93-122

The existing stratigraphic nomenclature applied to the Early and Middle Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group in NW England has resulted from more than 150 years of geological investigation, but is characterized by a lithostratigraphic system that is insufficiently flexible to allow for variations in lithology and sedimentary facies within a continental depositional system. A revised well correlation based on the detrital mineralogical and chemical composition of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in four offshore wells, that is then extended to provide near‐basin‐wide well correlations using a regional shale marker, confirms previously suggested but unproven diachroneity at the top of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. It also reveals the presence of incised valleys filled by stacked amalgamated fluvial channel sandstones and cut into previously deposited aeolian and sandflat sequences as well as older fluvial channel sandstones. The combination of well correlations indicates that the valleys were incised by a fluvial system flowing NW from the Cheshire Basin into the East Irish Sea Basin and then west towards the Peel and Kish Bank basins. The stratal geometry of the upper part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group is suggested to conform to models of climatically mediated alternations of fluvial degradation and aggradation in response to changes in the relationship between sediment flux and stream discharge. This model is supported in the Sherwood Sandstone Group by climatically driven variations in the non‐channelized facies which record upward wetting and drying cycles that can be locally tied to fluvial incision surfaces, and suggest a hierarchy of at least three levels of climatic cyclicity recorded within the sedimentary succession. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Coupling within Fluvial Geomorphic Systems:Spatial and Temporal Implications     

Adrian M Harvey Department of Geography  University of Liverpool  Liverpool L BX  England 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2000,11(1)

INTRODUCTIONHow fluvial systems respond to environmental changedepends on how rapidly the effects of changes in sediment loadsupplied from upstream or changes in base level affectingdownstream zones are propagated through the system.Thisproperty has been defined as the coupling of the system(Harvey,2 0 0 0 a,1997a;Brunsden,1993;Brunsden andThornes,1979) .Coupling therefore relates to connectivity between thedifferent zones of the fluvial system,defined by Schumm(1977) as source areas,tra…  相似文献