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11.
Roles of Continental Shelves and Marginal Seas in the Biogeochemical Cycles of the North Pacific Ocean 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Chen-Tung Arthur Chen Andrey Andreev Kyung-Ryul Kim Michiyo Yamamoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(1):17-44
Most marginal seas in the North Pacific are fed by nutrients supported mainly by upwelling and many are undersaturated with
respect to atmospheric CO2 in the surface water mainly as a result of the biological pump and winter cooling. These seas absorb CO2 at an average rate of 1.1 ± 0.3 mol C m−2yr−1 but release N2/N2O at an average rate of 0.07 ± 0.03 mol N m−2yr−1. Most of primary production, however, is regenerated on the shelves, and only less than 15% is transported to the open oceans
as dissolved and particulate organic carbon (POC) with a small amount of POC deposited in the sediments. It is estimated that
seawater in the marginal seas in the North Pacific alone may have taken up 1.6 ± 0.3 Gt (1015 g) of excess carbon, including 0.21 ± 0.05 Gt for the Bering Sea, 0.18 ± 0.08 Gt for the Okhotsk Sea; 0.31 ± 0.05 Gt for
the Japan/East Sea; 0.07 ± 0.02 Gt for the East China and Yellow Seas; 0.80 ± 0.15 Gt for the South China Sea; and 0.015 ±
0.005 Gt for the Gulf of California. More importantly, high latitude marginal seas such as the Bering and Okhotsk Seas may
act as conveyer belts in exporting 0.1 ± 0.08 Gt C anthropogenic, excess CO2 into the North Pacific Intermediate Water per year. The upward migration of calcite and aragonite saturation horizons due
to the penetration of excess CO2 may also make the shelf deposits on the Bering and Okhotsk Seas more susceptible to dissolution, which would then neutralize
excess CO2 in the near future. Further, because most nutrients come from upwelling, increased water consumption on land and damming
of major rivers may reduce freshwater output and the buoyancy effect on the shelves. As a result, upwelling, nutrient input
and biological productivity may all be reduced in the future. As a final note, the Japan/East Sea has started to show responses
to global warming. Warmer surface layer has reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich subsurface water, resulting in a decline of
spring phytoplankton biomass. Less bottom water formation because of less winter cooling may lead to the disappearance of
the bottom water as early as 2040. Or else, an anoxic condition may form as early as 2200 AD.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Q. Huggett 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1990,12(1-2):69-81
Although the optical properties of seawater at extreme depths are more suitable for underwater photography than those at the surface or on continental shelves, they still impose severe limitations on long-range wide area bottom photography. Additionally, deep ocean operations impose technical limitations on control, power and bandwidth. This chapter reviews the approaches contemplated or made towards improving the camerato-target range in underwater photography in the deep ocean. Further significant improvements await advances in control, power/light sources and bandwidth reduction. With the developments now contemplated, TV and video systems will eventually present a strong challenge to emulsion film techniques. 相似文献
13.
14.
G. L. Evans P. J. le B. Williams E. G. Mitchelson-Jacob 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,57(5-6):1159-1168
The trend in Irish Sea nutrient concentrations over the last four decades has been considered to reflect changes in anthropogenic loading. Comparison of a long-term database for the Menai Strait, North Wales, with an established historic data set for the Cypris station, Isle of Man, indicates that climate also has a significant influence on observations of nutrient concentrations. Data are presented detailing long-term shifts in nitrate, phosphate and silicate measurements since the 1960s at these two fixed sampling sites in the Irish Sea. Broad systematic changes observed in all three nutrients over the decades show a rise from the 1960s through to the 1980s, followed generally by an overall decline in the 1990s. Decadal-scale salinity changes occur in the opposite sense to nutrient changes. Anthropogenic inputs from freshwater cannot fully account for observed nutrient trends, neither is there evidence for shifts in nutrient concentrations in oceanic waters over the past four decades. Climatically forced movement in the geographical position of the freshwater/seawater mixing zone over a decadal time scale could, however, give rise to the observed shifts in nutrient concentration and salinity. This cannot alter nutrient concentration and salinity per se, but causes the measurements taken at fixed sampling sites to fluctuate inversely over this time scale. It is concluded that there is complex interplay between anthropogenic loading and climate affecting the distribution of nutrients in the Irish Sea. 相似文献
15.
Ana P. Mucha M. Teresa S. D. Vasconcelos Adriano A. Bordalo 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2004,59(4):663
Vertical distribution (0–15 cm) of the macrobenthic community and its relationships to natural sediment characteristics and trace metal contents and bioavailability were studied at five locations in the lower Douro estuary, Portugal. An analysis of vertical metal distribution, for the interpretation of anthropogenic impact on the estuarine sediments, was also investigated. Sediment characterisation included organic matter, grain size, metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, Zn and Mn), acid volatile sulphide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM). The macrobenthic community had low diversity (14 species), was dominated by small size opportunists and seemed to be controlled mainly by natural factors such as grain size distribution, Al and Fe contents and sediment depth. The vertically heterogeneous distribution of macrobenthic community appears to affect redox status of the sediments and consequently metal bioavailability. Despite anthropogenic contamination in terms of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni having already been detected in the north bank, the analysis of vertical distribution was essential for the identification of current anthropogenic contamination in terms of Zn, Pb and Cd in the south bank. 相似文献
16.
Jonathan M. Bull Martin Gutowski Justin K. Dix Timothy J. Henstock Peter Hogarth Timothy G. Leighton Paul R. White 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2005,26(2-4):157-169
Chirp sub-bottom profilers are marine acoustic devices that use a known and repeatable source signature (1–24 kHz) to produce
decimetre vertical resolution cross-sections of the sub-seabed. Here the design and development of the first true 3D Chirp
system is described. When developing the design, critical factors that had to be considered included spatial aliasing, and
precise positioning of sources and receivers. Full 3D numerical modelling of the combined source and receiver directivity
was completed to determine optimal source and receiver geometries. The design incorporates four source transducers (1.5–13 kHz)
that can be arranged into different configurations, including Maltese Cross, a square and two separated pairs. The receive
array comprises 240 hydrophones in 60 groups whose group-centres are separated by 25 cm in both horizontal directions, with
each hydrophone group containing four individual elements and a pre-amplifier.
After careful consideration, it was concluded that the only way to determine with sufficient accuracy the source–receiver
geometry, was to fix the sources and receivers within a rigid array. Positional information for the array is given by a Real
Time Kinematic GPS and attitude system incorporating four antennas to give position, heading, pitch and roll. It is shown
that this system offers vertical positioning accuracy with a root-mean-square (rms) error less than 2.6 cm, while the horizontal
positioning rms error was less than 2.0 cm. The system is configured so that the Chirp source signature can be chosen by software
aboard the acquisition vessel.
The complete system is described and initial navigational and seismic data results are presented. These data demonstrate that
the approach of using fixed source-receiver geometry combined with RTK navigation can provide complete 3D imaging of the sub-surface. 相似文献
17.
Katsumi Matsumoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2006,62(6):887-902
Iron fertilization of nutrient-rich surface waters of the ocean is one possible way to help slow the rising levels of atmospheric
CO2 by sequestering it in the oceans via biological carbon export. Here, I use an ocean general circulation model to simulate
a patch of nutrient depletion in the subpolar northwest Pacific under various scenarios. Model results confirm that surface
fertilization is an inefficient way to sequester carbon from the atmosphere (Gnanadesikan et al., 2003), since only about 20% of the exported carbon comes initially from the atmosphere. Fertilization reduces future production
and thus CO2 uptake by utilizing nutrients that would otherwise be available later. Effectively, this can be considered as leakage when
compared to a control run. This “effective” leakage and the actual leakage of sequestered CO2 cause a significant, rapid decrease in carbon retention (only 30–45% retained after 10 years and less than 20% after 50 years).
This contrasts markedly with the almost 100% retention efficiency for the same duration using the same model, when carbon
is disposed directly into the northwest Pacific (Matsumoto and Mignone, 2005). As a consequence, the economic effectiveness
of patch fertilization is poor in two limiting cases of the future price path of carbon. Sequestered carbon in patch fertilization
is lost to the atmosphere at increasingly remote places as time passes, which would make monitoring exceedingly difficult.
If all organic carbon from one-time fertilization reached the ocean bottom and remineralized there, acidification would be
about −0.05 pH unit with O2 depletion about −20 μmol kg−1. These anomalies are probably too small to seriously threaten deep sea biota, but they are underestimated in the model because
of its large grid size. The results from this study offer little to advocate purposeful surface fertilization as a serious
means to address the anthropogenic carbon problem. 相似文献
18.
造山带异源浆混花岗岩理论与方法研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
1:5万花岗岩填图方法在区调工作中推广以来,在造山带花岗岩调查实践中,由于造山作用及过程的复杂性,花岗岩浆的多源及多样性,使同源岩浆演化理论及方法遇到了难题。文章在新一轮1:25万造山带试点图幅,在对同源岩浆演化理论及方法的适用性进行探索的同时,提出了异源浆混理论指导造山带内部浆混花岗岩(H型花岗岩)的填图方法。并就异源浆混花岗岩鉴别标志等作了系统总结,提出了浆混组合、浆混单元、浆混体,填图的理论方法体系;给予了浆混花岗岩明确的定义。 相似文献
19.
通过对粤东地区地层和岩石中成矿元素含量和区域地质背景的分析,认为粤东地区铜铅-锌-银成矿作用与燕山期的构造-岩浆作用关系密切,成矿物质中银-铜-锌以下地壳来源为主,铅则以上地壳及沉积地层来源为主。 相似文献
20.
在对3套烃源岩的质量和成熟度描述基础上,通过对原油物理性质、族组成和生物标志化合物参数的研究,在达尔其油田内划分出成熟度有明显差异的低熟油和成熟油。油源对比结果认为它们分别由都红木组一段低熟烃源岩和阿尔善组二段成熟烃源岩所生。推测成熟度参数介于低熟和成熟之间的原油为混源油。通过原油混合试验和油砂连续抽提试验证实了混源油的推测。通过油藏剖面中不同性质油层的分布特征研究,结合断层发育史与油气运移关系分析认为不同油源原油的混合是控制该油田石油富集度较高的关键因素。此外,还分析了控制混源的断层组合特征。 相似文献