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81.
Rivers, chemical weathering and Earth's climate 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bernard Dupr Cline Dessert Priscia Oliva Yves Goddris Jrme Viers Louis Franois Romain Millot Jrme Gaillardet 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(16):1141-1160
We detail the results of recent studies describing and quantifying the large-scale chemical weathering of the main types of continental silicate rocks: granites and basalts. These studies aim at establishing chemical weathering laws for these two lithologies, describing the dependence of chemical weathering on environmental parameters, such as climate and mechanical erosion. As shown within this contribution, such mathematical laws are of primary importance for numerical models calculating the evolution of the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 and the Earth climate at geological timescales. The major results can be summarized as follow: (1) weathering of continental basaltic lithologies accounts for about 30% of the total consumption of atmospheric CO2 through weathering of continental silicate rocks. This is related to their high weatherability (about eight times greater than the granite weatherability); (2) a simple weathering law has been established for basaltic lithologies, giving the consumption of atmospheric CO2 as a function of regional continental runoff, and mean annual regional temperature; (3) no such simple weathering law can be proposed for granitic lithologies, since the effect of temperature can only be identified for regions displaying high continental runoff; (4) a general law relating mechanical erosion and chemical weathering has been validated on small and large catchments. The consequences of these major advances on the climatic evolution of the Earth are discussed. Particularly, the impacts of the onset of the Deccan trapps and the Himalayan orogeny on the global carbon cycle are reinvestigated. To cite this article: B. Dupré et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). 相似文献
82.
新生代以来 ,环太平洋周边分布的埃达克岩 (Adakite)主要与年轻洋壳俯冲时在 70~ 90km深处的部分熔融有关。利用数值方法 ,模拟了洋壳俯冲的热演化过程并讨论了脱水、熔融对埃达克岩浆活动的影响。结果表明 :仅在活动海岭俯冲前后约 10Ma内 ,年轻的、热的俯冲海洋板片在 75~85km深度范围内 ,温度升高至 82 5~ 10 0 0℃脱水 ,导致年轻洋壳中角闪岩部分熔融 ,形成埃达克岩(Adakite)。而一般洋壳俯冲在 10 0km以下深度才脱水 ,由于脱水区压力较高洋壳自身不能熔融 ,水进入上覆地幔楔状体导致部分熔融 ,形成安山岩 (Andesite 相似文献
83.
利用三维地震透射观测系统所获得的莫霍界面反射波对长白山天池火山区下方上地壳的三维速度细结构进行了反演计算,得到了研究区下方地壳内不同深度的P、S波速度层析成像和VP/VS扰动分布图像,结果表明,天池火山区及其周边速度结构所呈现出的非均匀性变化与该区的地质构造和岩浆系统的存在有着密切的关系,异常变化比较明显的低P波速度异常体分布和高VP/VS扰动体意味这些介质体处在“软化高温”的状态,这与该地区广泛分布的地热异常和低Q值结构的研究结果是一致的. 相似文献
84.
Wide-angle seismic velocities in heterogeneous crust 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Seismic velocities measured by wide-angle surveys are commonly used to constrain material composition in the deep crust. Therefore, it is important to understand how these velocities are affected by the presence of multiscale heterogeneities. The effects may be characterised by the scale of the heterogeneity relative to the dominant seismic wavelength (λ); what is clear is that heterogeneities of all scales and strengths bias wide-angle velocities to some degree. Waveform modelling was used to investigate the apparent wide-angle P -wave velocities of different heterogeneous lower crusts. A constant composition (50 per cent felsic and 50 per cent ultramafic) was formed into a variety of 1- and 2-D heterogeneous arrangements and the resulting wide-angle seismic velocity was estimated. Elastic, 1-D models produced the largest velocity shift relative to the true average velocity of the medium (which is the velocity of an isotropic mixture of the two components). Thick (width > λ) horizontal layers, as a result of Fermat's Principle, provided the largest increase in velocity; thin (width ≪λ) vertical layers produced the largest decrease in velocity. Acoustic 2-D algorithms were shown to be inadequate for modelling the kinematics of waves in bodies with multiscale heterogeneities. Elastic, 2-D modelling found velocity shifts (both positive and negative) that were of a smaller magnitude than those produced by 1-D models. The key to the magnitude of the velocity shift appears to be the connectivity of the fast (and/or slow) components. Thus, the models with the highest apparent levels of connectivity between the fast phases, the 1-D layers, produced the highest-magnitude velocity shifts. To understand the relationship between measured seismic velocities and petrology in the deep crust it is clear that high-resolution structural information (which describes such connectivity) must be included in any modelling. 相似文献
85.
Pre-weighed blocks of a Jurassic Limestone were exposed on the ground surface in the coastal Namib Desert for a period of 2 years. The environment is both salty and foggy. Some of the blocks suffered extensive disintegration, and laboratory analyses (including geochemistry, XRD and SEM) indicate that the weathered samples have a high halite (sodium chloride) content. Cycles of wetting and drying associated with the frequent fog events of the area cause cycles of halite crystallization. Rocks exposed at the surface absorb salts from the surrounding desert surface and then disintegrate, contributing to planation of the landscape. 相似文献
86.
87.
Reinterpretation of the RRISP-77 Iceland shear-wave profiles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
88.
89.
湘南地区风化壳型稀土资源丰富,对其开发的采、选工艺和流程简单,投入资金较少,产出颇丰、经济、社会效益明显,是湘南盆困山区脱贫致富的重要途径。本文就开发湘南稀土矿的成本、效益等进行了初步测算,可供参考。 相似文献
90.
地壳流体与地幔流体间的关系 总被引:72,自引:8,他引:72
通过铀、金矿床及地幔岩捕虏体研究,初步得出以下认识:(1)在热液作用中岩浆分异热液是不存在的;(2)碱交代作用是整个地幔交代作用和地壳交代作用的基本运作机制,现已构成有几十条具体规律的理论系统;碱交代岩是地幔流体转变为热液的化石记录;(3)拆离断层构造体系是地幔流体上升到地壳后的活动通道;(4)磷(P)是地幔流体的特征性示踪成分;(5)大洋缺氧事件、生物种属灭绝、厄尔尼诺等有共同的地幔流体致因;(6)天然气-油-盐-金属成矿是统一的热液成矿作用。软流体是今后区域成矿预测的重要新依据。软流体的顶部发育有次级、再次级的局部上凸部,这是矿带、矿田群的重要成矿控制因素和找矿新标志。 相似文献