中国湿地研究进展——献给中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所建所50周年   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

吕宪国  刘晓辉 《地理科学》2008,28(3):301-308

中国湿地研究经历了由面上考察到长期定位研究、由资源调查到结构、功能、过程研究、由沼泽研究扩展到湿地各种类型研究等过程。中国湿地研究逐渐形成了自己的特色,近年来取得了长足进展。文章对近30年中国湿地研究主要进展进行了回顾,并对湿地科学进一步研究方向提出了建议。  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地沙漠化正逆过程的地面判别方法   总被引：14，自引：9，他引：5  

赵哈林  周瑞莲  赵学勇  张铜会 《中国沙漠》2008,28(1):8-15

在实地调查和多年定位研究的基础上, 根据目前沙漠化过程研究的需要,介绍了沙地、沙丘、沙漠化土地等相关概念及其主要区别,阐述了沙地、沙丘、沙漠化土地类型的划分标准以及类型互换使用中应该注意的问题;通过分析影响沙漠化发展方向和过程的关键因素,建立了沙漠化正\,逆发展过程的地面判别指标体系,并讨论了不同类型沙丘的主要来源、发展方向及转换过程的判别方法。所建立的沙漠化正\,逆过程的地面判别方法,具有较强的实用性、可操作性和准确性, 可用于科尔沁沙地以及类似环境条件同类型沙地的野外调查和定位研究。  相似文献   

Capabilities and limitations of detailed hillslope hydrological modelling     

Axel Bronstert 《水文研究》1999,13(1):21-48

Hillslope hydrological modelling is considered to be of great importance for the understanding and quantification of hydrological processes in hilly or mountainous landscapes. In recent years a few comprehensive hydrological models have been developed at the hillslope scale which have resulted in an advanced representation of hillslope hydrological processes (including their interactions), and in some operational applications, such as in runoff and erosion studies at the field scale or lateral flow simulation in environmental and geotechnical engineering. An overview of the objectives of hillslope hydrological modelling is given, followed by a brief introduction of an exemplary comprehensive hillslope model, which stimulates a series of hydrological processes such as interception, evapotranspiration, infiltration into the soil matrix and into macropores, lateral and vertical subsurface soil water flow both in the matrix and preferential flow paths, surface runoff and channel discharge. Several examples of this model are presented and discussed in order to determine the model's capabilities and limitations. Finally, conclusions about the limitations of detailed hillslope modelling are drawn and an outlook on the future prospects of hydrological models on the hillslope scale is given.The model presented performed reasonable calculations of Hortonian surface runoff and subsequent erosion processes, given detailed information of initial soil water content and soil hydraulic conditions. The vertical and lateral soil moisture dynamics were also represented quite well. However, the given examples of model applications show that quite detailed climatic and soil data are required to obtain satisfactory results. The limitations of detailed hillslope hydrological modelling arise from different points: difficulties in the representations of certain processes (e.g. surface crusting, unsaturated–saturated soil moisture flow, macropore flow), problems of small‐scale variability, a general scarcity of detailed soil data, incomplete process parametrization and problems with the interdependent linkage of several hillslopes and channel–hillslope interactions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

CORRECTION FACTORS IN THE DETERMINATION OF MEAN VELOCITY OF OVERLAND FLOW     

GANG LI  ATHOL D. ABRAHAMS  JOSEPH F. ATKINSON 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(6):509-515

The velocity of overland flow has been conventionally measured using tracers, but it is difficult to measure the mean flow velocity directly because the centroid of the tracer plume is not easily identified. Consequently, previous investigators have measured the velocity of the leading edge of the plume and multiplied it by a correction factor α to obtain an estimate of mean velocity. An alternative method is to measure the velocity of the peak concentration in the tracer plume and multiply this velocity by another correction factor β to estimate mean velocity. To investigate the controls of α and β and develop predictive models for these correction factors, 40 experiments were performed in a flume with a mobile sand bed. Multiple regression analyses reveal that both α and β vary inversely with slope and directly with Reynolds number. The derived regression equations may be used to calculate the mean velocity of other shallow overland flows, at least within the range of slope and Reynolds number for which the equations were developed. In the experiments, slope ranged from 2.7;° to 10° and Reynolds number from 1900 to 12 600.  相似文献   

河流阶地的形成、演变及环境效应   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

魏全伟  谭利华  王随继 《地理科学进展》2006,25(3):55-61

河流阶地是河流地貌演变的历史产物, 它记录了河流演变过程中的有关环境变化信息, 是剖析河流历史演变的关键地貌体。本文从河流阶地的地貌特征、形成原因、环境响应和有关测 年技术等方面, 比较全面地论述了河流阶地的发育、演变及其意义, 并对相关问题进行了初步讨 论。认为河流阶地是河流系统和环境综合作用的产物, 对河流阶地的研究可以反演研究区地质构 造、古河流动态及气候等信息, 是揭示研究区环境信息的重要地貌单元。  相似文献   

Selection of scale can reverse the importance of stochastic controls on community assembly     

Daehyun Kim 《自然地理学》2019,40(2):111-126

Reconciling the long-standing debate on the importance of niche-related and neutral factors on community assembly, recent research suggests that both deterministic and stochastic processes operate simultaneously along a continuum in many biogeographical systems. In particular, stochastic processes seem to lose importance under stressful conditions, which results in the increasing influence of deterministic counterparts. In this paper, I show that, at local scales, this stochasticity–stress relationship can be reversed along the environmental stress gradients within a salt marsh: stochasticity manifested under harshness. Here, low-lying, more stressful sites contained all of the plant species of the local pool (i.e. a greater chance of ecological drift), whereas high-elevation, less stressful sites exhibited reduced species richness due to competitive exclusion (i.e. a lower chance of ecological drift). I conclude that determining whether the importance of stochasticity in shaping community structure is greater under benign or harsh conditions depends on the scale of interest.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地秋季陆面过程特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

赵佳伟  何清  金莉莉  李振杰  买买提艾力&#  买买提依明  张建涛 《中国沙漠》2019,39(4):159-167

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中2014年10月的秋季涡动通量数据,分析了塔中秋季陆面过程通量变化特征。结果表明：（1）塔中秋季10月净辐射R_n、感热通量H、潜热通量LE、地表土壤热通量G₀峰值依次为273.0、141.6、5.0、105.0 W·m^-2,平均日总量依次为2.85、2.68、0.08、-0.57 MJ·m^-2,净辐射能量分配以感热能量输送为主。（2）不同典型天气下,净辐射日总量扬沙>晴天>阴天>降水;阴天、扬沙天气H随R_n不同程度削减而减少,降水天气潜热增多导致日变化特征有别于其他天气。（3）10月能量闭合率为79.0%,不同天气能量闭合率阴天>晴天>扬沙>降水,依次为86.8%、83.4%、79.4%、71.4%。（4）地表反照率晴天呈“U”型变化,阴天和扬沙天气地表反照率趋势变缓发生波动现象,降水天气波动较大,趋势先降低后回升。（5）月平均热通量日间为正值,夜间为负值。日间能量闭合率为73.9%,夜间为50.8%,存在较高的能量不闭合。  相似文献   

干旱区沙漠与河流复合地貌过程研究进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李小妹  严平 《中国沙漠》2019,39(5):97-104

沙漠-河流过渡带是独特的地理单元,在世界主要沙漠中普遍存在,河岸沙丘地貌发育过程是其独特性的突出表现。一方面,河流通过提供物源和场所控制河岸沙丘地貌的发育过程与格局,另一方面,沙丘发育过程改变河道。本文回顾了沙漠与河流复合地貌过程研究取得的重要进展,包括沙漠与河流交互关系、沙漠和河流交互尺度以及河岸沙丘地貌形成与发育过程等。但水系变迁与沙漠演化、沙丘复杂性与河谷形态之间的关系,以及如何建构沙漠河岸风水复合地貌过程模型等问题,将是未来需要突破的难题,这有助于促进风沙地貌与流水地貌的高度融合,丰富沙漠科学和干旱区水文的理论体系。  相似文献   

Threshold sediment flux for the formation of river deltas in Hainan Island,southern China     

Li  Gaocong  Zhou  Liang  Qi  Yali  Gao  Shu 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(1):146-160

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The knowledge of geomorphological evolution from an estuary to a river delta is necessary to form the formulation of comprehensive land-ocean interaction...  相似文献   

Probabilistic modeling of ship powering performance using full-scale operational data     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

The energy efficiency of ocean-going vessels can be increased through various operational considerations, such as improved cargo arrangements and weather routing. The first step toward the goal of maximizing the energy efficiency is to analyze how the ship's powering performance changes under different operational settings and weather conditions. However, existing analytical models and empirical methods have limitations in reliably estimating the powering performance of full-scale ships in real operating conditions. In this study, machine learning techniques are employed to estimate the powering performance of a full-scale ship by constructing regression models using the ship's operational data. In order to minimize the risk of overfitting in the regression process, domain knowledge based on physical principles is combined into the regression models. Also, the uncertainty of the estimated performance is evaluated with consideration of the environmental uncertainties. The obtained regression models can be used to predict the ship speed and engine power under different operational settings and weather conditions.  相似文献