Finite element modelling of frictional instability between deformable rocks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. L. Xing  A. Makinouchi 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2003,27(12):1005-1025

Earthquakes are recognized as resulting from a stick–slip frictional instability along faults. Based on the node‐to‐point contact element strategy (an arbitrarily shaped contact element strategy applied with the static‐explicit algorithm for modelling non‐linear frictional contact problems proposed by authors), a finite element code for modelling the 3‐D non‐linear friction contact between deformable bodies has been developed and extended here to analyse the non‐linear stick–slip frictional instability between deformable rocks with a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law. A typical fault bend model is taken as an application example to be analysed here. The variations of the normal contact force, the frictional force, the transition of stick–slip instable state and the related relative slip velocity along the fault between the deformable rocks and the stress evolution in the total bodies during the different stages are investigated, respectively. The calculated results demonstrate the usefulness of this code for simulating the non‐linear frictional instability between deformable rocks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

柯克亚凝析油气藏的油源研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

肖中尧  唐友军  侯读杰  张秋茶  王福焕  卢玉红 《沉积学报》2002,20(4):716-720

柯克亚原油成因复杂。笔者重点解剖了塔西南地区两套烃源岩侏罗系和二叠系的生物标志物特征,并厘定了区分两套烃源岩的指标,在此基础上,全面研究了柯克亚原油中生物标志物,认为柯克亚原油主要来源于二叠系烃源岩,同时原油中检测出微量的二萜类化合物,表明侏罗系烃源岩有一定的贡献。  相似文献   

Grain-scale melt distribution in two contact aureole rocks: implications for controls on melt localization and deformation   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

N. Marchildon  M. Brown 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2002,20(4):381-396

The grain‐scale spatial arrangement of melt in layer‐parallel leucosomes in two anatectic rocks from two different contact aureoles located in central Maine, USA, is documented and used to constrain the controls on grain‐scale melt localization. The spatial distribution of grain‐scale melt is inferred from microstructural criteria for recognition of mineral pseudomorphs after melt and mineral grains of the solid matrix that hosted the melt. In both rocks, feldspar mimics the grain‐scale distribution of melt, and quartz is the major constituent of the solid matrix. The feldspar pockets consist of individual feldspar grains or aggregates of feldspar grains that show cuspate outlines. They have low average width/length ratios (0.54 and 0.55, respectively), and are interstitial between more rounded and equant (width/length ratios 0.65 for both samples) quartz grains. In two dimensions, the feldspar pockets extend over distances equivalent to multiple quartz grain diameters, possibly forming a connected three‐dimensional intergranular network. Both samples show similar mesoscopic structural elements and in both samples the feldspar pockets have a shape‐preferred orientation. In one sample, feldspar inferred to replace melt is aligned subparallel to the shape‐preferred orientation of quartz, indicating that pre‐ or syn‐anatectic strain controlled the grain‐scale distribution of melt. In the other sample, the preferred orientation of feldspar inferred to replace melt is different from the orientations of all other mesoscopic or microscopic structures in the rock, indicating that differential stress controlled grain‐scale melt localization. This is probably facilitated by conditions of higher differential stress, which may have promoted microfracturing. Grain‐scale melt distribution and inferred melt localization controls give insight into possible grain‐scale deformation mechanisms in melt‐bearing rocks. Application of these results to the interpretation of deep crustal anatectic rocks suggests that grain‐scale melt distribution should be controlled primarily by pre‐ or syn‐anatectic deformation. Feedback relations between melt localization and deformation are to be expected, with important implications for deformation and tectonic evolution of melt‐bearing rocks.  相似文献   

High-resolution methane profiles across anoxic brine–seawater boundaries in the Atlantis-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps (Red Sea)     

M. Schmidt  R. Botz  E. Faber  M. Schmitt  J. Poggenburg  D. Garbe-Sch  nberg  P. Stoffers 《Chemical Geology》2003,200(3-4):359-375

A decrease in temperature (ΔT up to 45.5 °C) and chloride concentration (ΔCl up to 4.65 mol/l) characterises the brine–seawater boundary in the Atlantis-II, Discovery, and Kebrit Deeps of the Red Sea, where redox conditions change from anoxic to oxic over a boundary layer several meters thick. High-resolution (100 cm) profiles of the methane concentration, stable carbon isotope ratio of methane, and redox-sensitive tracers (O₂, Mn⁴⁺/Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺, and SO₄²⁻) were measured across the brine–seawater boundary layer to investigate methane fluxes and secondary methane oxidation processes.

Substantial amounts of thermogenic hydrocarbons are found in the deep brines (mostly methane, with a maximum concentration up to 4.8×10⁵ nmol/l), and steep methane concentration gradients mainly controlled by diffusive flow characterize the brine–seawater boundary (maximum of 2×10⁵ nmol/l/m in Kebrit Deep). However, locally the actual methane concentration profiles deviate from theoretical diffusion-controlled concentration profiles and extremely positive δ¹³C–CH₄ values can be found (up to +49‰ PDB in the Discovery Deep). Both, the actual CH₄ concentration profiles and the carbon-13 enrichment in the residual CH₄ of the Atlantis-II and Discovery Deeps indicate consumption (oxidation) of ¹²C-rich CH₄ under suboxic conditions (probably utilizing readily available—up to 2000 μmol/l—Mn(IV)-oxihydroxides as electron acceptor). Thus, a combined diffusion–oxidation model was used to calculate methane fluxes of 0.3–393 kg/year across the brine–seawater boundary layer. Assuming steady-state conditions, this slow loss of methane from the brines into the Red Sea bottom water reflects a low thermogenic hydrocarbon input into the deep brines.  相似文献   

Determination of Secondary Organic Aerosol Products from the Photooxidation of Toluene and their Implications in Ambient PM2.5     

T. E. Kleindienst  T. S. Conver  C. D. McIver  E. O. Edney 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2004,47(1):79-100

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the secondary organic aerosol products from photooxidation of the aromatic hydrocarbon toluene. The laboratory experiments consisted of irradiating toluene/propylene/NO_x/air mixtures in a smog chamber operated inthe dynamic mode and collecting submicron secondary organic aerosol samples through a sampling train that consisted of an XAD denuder and a Zefluor^TM filter. Oxidation products in the filter extracts were treated using O-(2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) to derivatize carbonyl groups followed by treatment with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide (BSTFA) to derivatize OH groups. The derivatized products were detected with a positive chemical ionization (CI) gas chromatography ion trap mass spectroscopy (GC-ITMS) system. The results of the GC-ITMS analyses were consistent with the previous studies that demonstrated the formation of multi-functional oxygenates. Denuder results showed that many of these same compounds were present in the gas, as well as, the particle phase. Moreover, evidence was found for a series of multifunctional acids produced as higher order oxidation products of the toluene/NO_x system. Products having nearly the same mass spectrumwere also found in the ambient environment using identical analytical techniques. These products having multiple acid and alcoholic-OH moieties have substantially lower volatility than previously reported SOA products of the toluene photooxidation and might serve as an indicator for aromatic oxidation in the ambient atmosphere.  相似文献   

岩石边坡生态护坡特点及其关键技术问题探讨   总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26  

赵华  黄润秋 《水文地质工程地质》2004,31(1):87-90

岩石边坡 ,尤其是坡角较大的岩石边坡 ,由于其本身地形及结构条件的限制 ,开展生态恢复与重建工作具有很大的难度。根据岩石边坡的特点 ,结合目前这类工程所存在的问题 ,对有关的关键技术问题进行了分析探讨 ,包括与生态恢复相关的坡型设计、基层结构的形成、辅助材料的运用等 ,提出了生态护坡今后应该重点研究的方向。  相似文献   

土壤磁性测量在寻找可地浸砂岩型铀矿床中的应用     

邓居智  刘庆成  龚育龄  方根显 《铀矿地质》2004,20(6):370-375

本文探讨了应用土壤磁性测量寻找可地浸砂岩型铀矿床的可行性 ,并通过在内蒙古东胜地区的应用研究总结了可地浸砂岩型铀矿床上土壤磁性参数异常的特征  相似文献   

The natural attenuation of two acidic effluents in Tharsis and La Zarza-Perrunal mines (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Huelva, Spain)     

Javier Sánchez España  Enrique López Pamo  Esther Santofimia Pastor  Jesús Reyes Andrés  Juan Antonio Martín Rubí 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(2):253-266

The geochemical evolution of two acid mine effluents in Tharsis and La Zarza-Perrunal mines (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Huelva, Spain) has been investigated. In origin, these waters present a low pH (2.2 and 3.1) and high concentrations of dissolved sulphate and metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni). However, the natural evolution of these acidic waters (which includes the bacterial oxidation of Fe(II) and the subsequent precipitation of Fe(III) minerals) represents an efficient mechanism of attenuation. This self-mitigating process is evidenced by the formation of schwertmannite, which retains most of the iron load and, by sorption, toxic trace elements like As. The later mixing with pristine waters rises the pH and favours the total precipitation of Fe(III) at pH 3.5 and, subsequently, Al compounds at pH 4.5, along with the sorption of trace metals (Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni) until chemical equilibrium at circumneutral conditions is achieved.  相似文献   

Elemental Geochemistry of the Interlayer Oxidation Zonein the Shihongtan Sandstone Type Uranium Deposit, Xinjiang   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

CAI Gengqing  ZHANG Zimin  LI Shengxiang Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology  Beijing 《《地质学报》英文版》2005,79(6):835-842

1 Geological Setting making the southern margin of Turpan-Hami basin one of the important uranium-productive regions of interlayer The Turpan-Hami basin is one of the three greatest basins oxidation type sandstone-hosted uranium deposits inin the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is located in China. Up to now, the large-scale Shihongtan uraniumthe Junggar-Turpan microplate at the southeastern end of deposit and some uranium ore occurrences have beenthe Kazakhstan-Junggar plate. The b…  相似文献   

Metamorphic Environments around the Cretaceous Kurihashi Pluton in the Kitakami Mountains, NE Japan: in Comparison to the Ganidake Pluton - Kamaishi Skarn Metasomatism     

Kazuhiro Sasaki    Kazuo Nakashima  Satoshi Kanisawa 《Resource Geology》2005,55(2):111-122

Abstract. Many granitic plutons of Early Cretaceous age are intruded on various scales in the Kitakami Mountains. The stock‐type Ganidake pluton accompanies enormous Fe‐Cu mineralization of the Kamaishi deposits, whereas the Kurihashi pluton accompanies less mineralization. To elucidate the cause of these differences, the metamorphic conditions and redox state of the contact metamorphic aureole around the Kurihashi pluton have been examined by the petrochemical study and gas analysis of the metamorphic rocks. A typical mineral assemblage in the pelitic rocks in the lowest‐grade part is biotite‐muscovite‐chlorite‐quartz‐plagio‐clase‐graphite, which occur more than 2 km away from the contact point with the Kurihashi pluton. Graphite disappears at the 1550 m point, and cordierite and garnet appear in the middle and highest‐grade parts, respectively. A typical mineral assemblage in the tuffaceous rocks in the lower‐grade part is chlorite‐actinolite‐biotite‐quartz‐plagioclase. Actinolite changes into hornblende near to the pluton. The CO₂/CH₄ ratios obtained in measurements by gas chromatography exceeds 100 in the pelitic rocks at the contact point with the pluton. The ratios decrease and become less than 0.1 with distance from the pluton. Equilibrium temperatures calculated from a garnet‐biotite pair in the pelitic rock and a hornblende‐plagioclase pair in the tuffaceous rock are 640d? and 681 d?C at the contact point, respectively. The log?o₂ values among these metamorphic aureoles estimated from the CO₂/CH₄ ratios are slightly lower than the FMQ‐buffer. Redox states of the contact metamorphic aureole are kept in an intermediate condition between oxidized magma of the Kurihashi pluton and graphite‐bearing pelitic country rocks. Judging from these metamorphic conditions around the Kurihashi pluton and from the re‐evaluation of the previous knowledge about contact metasomatism around the Ganidake pluton, the Kurihashi metamorphism has occurred at higher temperatures and dry conditions than the Ganidake metasomatism. These differences in the metamorphic conditions and presence or absence of a large limestone mass around the pluton might be the principal reasons why the Kurihashi pluton accompanies less mineralization and the Ganidake pluton accompanies gigantic Kamaishi skarn mineralization.  相似文献