二叠纪-三叠纪之交双壳类的灭绝与复苏过程          下载免费PDF全文

黄云飞  童金南  向烨  肖传桃  宋海军  田力  宋婷  楚道亮 《地球科学》2015,40(2):334-345

为了建立早-中三叠世双壳类的残存-复苏模式及深入探讨双壳类迟缓复苏的原因,对全球范围内该时期双壳类属的 时限分布进行了统计.总体来看,3个亚纲(Pteriomorphia、Palaeotaxodont和Heteroconchia亚纲)和5种生活方式(外栖活动 类、外栖固着类、半内栖类、内栖浅掘穴类和内栖深掘穴类)的双壳类均展示出了一致的规律,属级分异度直到中三叠世Anisian 期才恢复到晚二叠世末生物大灭绝之前的水平.二叠纪残存类型在早-中三叠世双壳类中所占的比例逐步降低,从占过 渡层的77.3%降低到了中三叠世Anisian期的33.7%,指示双壳类的缓慢复苏过程.而在整个早三叠世的漫长复苏期中,双壳 类仅遭受背景灭绝,表明双壳类的迟缓复苏受限于长时期的高压环境,随着海洋环境的逐步好转,才逐渐出现新的类型.   相似文献   

A statistical study of environmental factors controlling concentrations of heavy metals in the burrowing bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the polychaete Nereis diversicolor     

Samuel N. Luoma  G.W. Bryan 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1982,15(1):95-108

Multiple regression analyses indicate that the most important factors controlling Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the polychaete Nereis diversicolor are the concentrations of these metals in surface sediments and the partitioning of sediment-bound metals between different sediment constituents. Extraction of the sediments with 1-n HCl provides more information about the bioavailability of the metals than do extractions with five other techniques. Biologically available Cd and Co in solution contribute significantly to Cd and Co concentrations in both Scrobicularia and Nereis. Concentrations of Ag in Scrobicularia are reduced where Cu concentrations in sediments are high. An unexplained increase in concentrations of Cu in Scrobicularia at specific stations in six estuaries suggests that under certain very anoxic conditions the availability of copper may be exceptionally high.  相似文献   

胶州湾双壳类壳体中的Ca,Mg,Mn,Sr元素组成及影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张爱滨  刘升发  范德江  颜文涛 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,36(5):829-835

探讨影响双壳类元素组成的可能因素,从胶州湾沿岸不同取样点采集黄海近海常见的菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)、褶牡蛎(Oystrea denselamellosa)和紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis),分别测量了3种壳体的矿物物相类型和壳体中的Ca,Mg,Mn,Sr元素组成。研究表明:3种壳体分别属于文石质、方解石质和混合质壳;Ca,Mn元素含量在菲律宾蛤仔、褶牡蛎和紫贻贝壳体中没有差别,而Mg元素含量在菲律宾蛤仔壳体中含量较低,在褶牡蛎壳体和紫贻贝壳体中含量较高,Sr元素恰好与Mg元素相反。双壳类壳体中元素组成主要受壳体矿物物相类型的制约,而与水体环境要素之间的关系弱。  相似文献   

Bivalves,Tributyltin and Green Tides: Ecosystem-Level Impact?     

Jose M. Ruiz 《Marine Ecology》1999,20(1):1-9

Filter feeders such as bivalves are increasingly being shown to control phytoplankton blooms in eutrophic estuaries. The possibility of such a top-down effect on macroalgae, however, has not been considered previously even though most green tide algal species reproduce by pelagic swarmers that are equivalent to phytoplankton. This work presents circumstantial evidence from an oyster-culturing French embayment where, despite eutrophication since the mid-1970s, macroalgae did not proliferate until 1982. This was also the year when tributyltin pollution from antifouling paints dropped substantially following a world-wide prime ban that was implemented to save the shellfish industry. From the recorded evolution of the oyster stock, it is shown how tributyltin reduced the bivalve filter capacity within those years and resulted in Enteromorpha swarmers being much more likely to germinate and bloom. This suggests that the green tides had been successively contained by the biological activity and the chemical pressure. The effects of the latter on the former would thus have cascaded to ecosystem-level changes, and so the functional role of bivalves should be evaluated and preserved wherever relevant.  相似文献   

Succession,palaeoecology, evolution,and speciation of Pennsylvanian non‐marine bivalves,Northern Appalachian Basin,USA     

R. M. C. Eagar  E. S. Belt 《Geological Journal》2003,38(2):109-143

Seventeen horizons of non‐marine bivalves are described within the Appalachian succession from the base of the Pottsville Group of Westphalian A‐B age to the Uniontown coal of Stephanian C age at the top of the Carboniferous System. A new highly variable fauna of Anthraconaia from the roof shales of the Upper Freeport coal near Kempton, west Maryland, dates from late Westphalian D or very early Cantabrian time, on the evidence of non‐marine shells and megafloras. Below this horizon, the Appalachian sequence reveals zones of Anthraconauta phillipsii and Anthraconauta tenuis in the same order as in Britain, whereas faunas of Anthraconaia of these zones are less common and differ from those of Britain. In all horizons above the Upper Freeport coal all non‐marine bivalve faunas consist of stages in the sequences of two natural species, the groups of Anthraconaia prolifera and Anthraconaia puella‐saravana. The first shows evidence of having lived in well‐oxygenated, probably shallow, fresh water conditions of relatively wide extent. The second group lived preferentially in a plant‐rich environment of relatively stagnant fresh water. Both groups are found in horizons associated with coal seams and may be seen together in the same habitats, but diagrams of variation (pictographs) suggest that there was no interbreeding between the two groups in either the Northern Appalachians or in southern Germany where the species split was first recognized. In the northern Spanish coalfields of Guardo‐Valderrueda and Central Asturia, facies evidence suggests how an initial split may have taken place in the same morphological directions and into the same palaeoenvironments as the later split into two species. Appalachian deposition was generally slow and intermittent with frequent palaeosols. There is also evidence of erosion and of small palaeontological breaks in the sequence, especially near the eastern edge of the Northern Appalachian Basin in western Maryland. The amount of accumulated sediment was less than one‐tenth of that of western Europe when basin centre deposition is compared. We found no evidence of a major palaeontological break representing Westphalian D strata overlain by Stephanian C strata. We figure non‐marine bivalve faunas of Stephanian B age in association with the Pittsburgh and the Little Pittsburgh coals. Two new species of non‐marine bivalves are described: Anthraconaia anthraconautiformis sp. nov. and Anthraconaia extrema sp. nov. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

环境因子对贝类累积溶解态重金属的影响   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

王静凤  张学成  单宝田 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(3):382-386

对溶解态重金属的吸收是贝类累积重金属的重要来源之一,易受到生物因素和非生物因素的影响。综述溶解氧、温度、空气预暴露、化学物质预暴露等环境因子,诱导的机体代谢过程的改变,对溶解态重金属的累积和转运过程的影响。强调了贝类对溶解态重金属的转运除了被动转运之外,还涉及到需要ATP供能的主动转运过程。  相似文献   

Human waterborne protozoan parasites in freshwater bivalves (Anodonta anatina and Unio tumidus) as potential indicators of fecal pollution in urban reservoir     

《Limnologica》2015

The presence of environmentally robust dispersive stages of intestinal protozoan parasites in waters represents an important public health threat since these pathogens have caused numerous outbreaks related to either drinking or recreational waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia and Blastocystis cysts, and microsporidian spores in mussels collected from municipal reservoir, Lake Malta (Poland, Europe). Two species of freshwater bivalves (Anodonta anatina and Unio tumidus) were tested for the enteropathogens. A direct wet smear and smears stained with chromotrope 2R, Ziehl–Neelsen and iron hematoxylin made from each pellet of the hemolymph, gills and gastrointestinal homogenates of mussels were examined microscopically. In the study the immunofluorescence antibody test kit MERIFLUOR Cryptosporidium/Giardia was also used for all bivalve samples. None of investigated parasites were found in U. tumidus. In A. anatina, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Blastocystis cysts were detected in 15.4 and 5.1% of mussel samples, respectively. The present results indicate contamination of Lake Malta with Cryptosporidium and Blastocystis, which is important from the point of view of public health threats because of different human uses of studied reservoir.  相似文献   

Exploring the impact of diagenesis on (isotope) geochemical and microstructural alteration features in biogenic aragonite          下载免费PDF全文

Ann‐Christine Ritter  Vasileios Mavromatis  Martin Dietzel  Ola Kwiecien  Felix Wiethoff  Erika Griesshaber  Laura A. Casella  Wolfgang W. Schmahl  Jennifer Koelen  Rolf D. Neuser  Albrecht Leis  Dieter Buhl  Andrea Niedermayr  Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach  Stefano M. Bernasconi  Adrian Immenhauser 《Sedimentology》2017,64(5):1354-1380

For the Quaternary and Neogene, aragonitic biogenic and abiogenic carbonates are frequently exploited as archives of their environment. Conversely, pre‐Neogene aragonite is often diagenetically altered and calcite archives are studied instead. Nevertheless, the exact sequence of diagenetic processes and products is difficult to disclose from naturally altered material. Here, experiments were performed to understand biogenic aragonite alteration processes and products. Shell subsamples of the bivalve Arctica islandica were exposed to hydrothermal alteration. Thermal boundary conditions were set at 100°C, 175°C and 200°C. These comparably high temperatures were chosen to shorten experimental durations. Subsamples were exposed to different ¹⁸O‐depleted fluids for durations between two and twenty weeks. Alteration was documented using X‐ray diffraction, cathodoluminescence, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, as well as conventional and clumped isotope analyses. Experiments performed at 100°C show redistribution and darkening of organic matter, but lack evidence for diagenetic alteration, except in Δ₄₇ which show the effects of annealing processes. At 175°C, valves undergo significant aragonite to calcite transformation and neomorphism. The δ¹⁸O signature supports transformation via dissolution and reprecipitation, but isotopic exchange is limited by fluid migration through the subsamples. Individual growth increments in these subsamples exhibit bright orange luminescence. At 200°C, valves are fully transformed to calcite and exhibit purple‐blue luminescence with orange bands. The δ¹⁸O and Δ₄₇ signatures reveal exchange with the aqueous fluid, whereas δ¹³C remains unaltered in all experiments, indicating a carbonate‐buffered system. Clumped isotope temperatures in high‐temperature experiments show compositions in broad agreement with the measured temperature. Experimentally induced alteration patterns are comparable with individual features present in Pleistocene shells. This study represents a significant step towards sequential analysis of diagenetic features in biogenic aragonites and sheds light on reaction times and threshold limits. The limitations of a study restricted to a single test organism are acknowledged and call for refined follow‐up experiments.  相似文献   

日本早白垩世非海相软体动物群组合     

香西武  石田啓祐  Francis HIRSCH 《地层学杂志》2012,(2):324-343

日本具有4个标志早白垩世的半咸水和淡水软体动物群组合:欧特里沃期—早巴列姆期的立川和菖蒲动物群组合,晚巴列姆期的濑林动物群组合和早阿普特期动物群组合。纯非海相下白垩统大量分布于日本东北部(本州岛北部)的部分地区,以及日本中部、西南部的内带。在日本东北部的部分地区以及日本西南部的外带(四国岛与本州岛中部),从巴列姆阶下部往上有一些海相地层夹在非海相层中,这为研究非海相动物群提供了准确的年代依据。生物组合之间在种一级水平上的区别,主要由环境的差异而引起。1)立川动物群组合(欧特里沃期—早巴列姆期),含有半咸水Hayamina naumanni组合和淡水Megasphaerioides okurodaniensis组合;手取群的Okurodani、Kuwajima和Izuki三个组内的淡水软体动物可与本动物组合相对比;2)菖蒲动物群组合(欧特里沃期—早巴列姆期),含有Eomiodon nipponicus组合;3)濑林动物群组合(晚巴列姆期),含有Costocyrena radiatostriata组合,可与手取群的Kitadani组和日本东北部关门群的Sengoku组以及Monomiyama组的淡水软体动物组合相对比;4)日比原动物群组合(早阿普特期),含有Costocyrena minor组合,关门群Wakamiya组的淡水软体动物可与本动物组合相对比。  相似文献   

Associated terrestrial and marine fossils in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation, southern Maine, USA, and the marine reservoir effect on radiocarbon ages   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Woodrow B. Thompson  Carol B. Griggs  Norton G. Miller  Robert E. Nelson  Thomas K. Weddle  Taylor M. Kilian   《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):552-565

Excavations in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation at Portland, Maine, uncovered tree remains and other terrestrial organics associated with marine invertebrate shells in a landslide deposit. Buds of Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar) occurred with twigs of Picea glauca (white spruce) in the Presumpscot clay. Tree rings in Picea logs indicate that the trees all died during winter dormancy in the same year. Ring widths show patterns of variation indicating responses to environmental changes. Fossil mosses and insects represent a variety of species and wet to dry microsites. The late-glacial environment at the site was similar to that of today's Maine coast. Radiocarbon ages of 14 tree samples are 11,907 ± 31 to 11,650 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP. Wiggle matching of dated tree-ring segments to radiocarbon calibration data sets dates the landslide occurrence at ca. 13,520 + 95/−20 cal yr BP. Ages of shells juxtaposed with the logs are 12,850 ± 65 ¹⁴C yr BP (Mytilus edulis) and 12,800 ± 55 ¹⁴C yr BP (Balanus sp.), indicating a marine reservoir age of about 1000 yr. Using this value to correct previously published radiocarbon ages reduces the discrepancy between the Maine deglaciation chronology and the varve-based chronology elsewhere in New England.  相似文献