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31.
Quantitative analysis of variations in depositional sequence thickness from submarine channel levees 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract Thickness variations across‐levee and downchannel in acoustically defined depositional sequences from six submarine channel‐levee systems show consistent and quantifiable patterns. The thickness of depositional sequences perpendicular to the channel trend, i.e. across the levee, decreases exponentially, as characterized by a spatial decay constant, k. Similarly, the thickness of sediment at the levee crest decreases exponentially down the upper reaches of submarine channels and can be characterized by a second spatial decay constant, λ. The inverse of these decay constants has units of length and defines depositional length scales such that k?1 is a measure of levee width and λ?1 is a measure of levee length. Quantification of levee architecture in this way allowed investigation of relationships between levee architecture and channel dimensions. It was found that these measures of levee e‐folding width and levee e‐folding length are directly related to channel width and relief. The dimensions of channels and levees are thus intimately related, thereby limiting the range of potential channel‐levee morphologies, regardless of allocyclic forcing. A simple sediment budget model relates the product of the levee e‐folding width and e‐folding length to through‐channel volume discharge. A classification system based on the quantitative downchannel behaviour of levee architecture allows identification of a ‘mid‐channel’ reach, where sediment is passively transferred from the through‐channel flow to the levees as an overspilling flow. Downstream from this reach, the channel gradually looses its control on guiding turbidity currents, and the resulting flow can be considered as an unconfined or spreading flow. 相似文献
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冲积-河流相层序地层模式--以济阳坳陷新近系为例 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
从层序边界分析人手,对层序类型体系域类型等进行了研究,认为冲积-河流相地层体系域划分具4分性,即发育有低位体系域、扩张体系域、高位体系域,当基准面缓慢下降时,还可发育收缩体系域.同时,根据济阳坳陷新近系沉积特征,指出各体系域对应的沉积体系及相类型,认为低位体系域以侵蚀下切、冲积扇.辫状河沉积为主;扩张体系域由辫状河向曲流河过渡;高位体系域时期以曲流河为主.其次,根据构造演化、古气候变化、古地形等研究认为,尽管新近纪济阳坳陷进入坳陷发育时期,断裂活动明显减弱,但是构造运动对层序发育仍有一定影响;根据古气候分析认为,新近纪经历了北亚热带温湿气候,中亚热带温湿气候,北亚热带干旱气候等阶段.这种气候变化导致了馆陶组沉积早、中期河流纵横交错,辫状河道发育,馆陶组沉积后期逐渐向曲流河过渡;明化镇组沉积期河道相对不发育.由古地形及物源供给分析,认为古地形差异的变化与物源供给对济阳坳陷新近系层序发育、层序样式等有一定程度影响. 相似文献
34.
The three-dimensional flow field in a scour hole around different abutments under a clear water regime was experimentally measured in a laboratory flume, using the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Three types of abutments used in the experiments were vertical-wall (rectangular section), 45° wing-wall (45° polygonal section) and semicircular. The three-dimensional time-averaged velocity components were detected at different vertical planes for vertical-wall abutment and azimuthal planes for wing-wall and semicircular abutments. The velocity components were also measured at different horizontal planes. In the upstream, presentations of flow field through vector plots at vertical / azimuthal and horizontal planes show the existence of a primary vortex associated with the downflow inside the scour hole. On the other hand, in the downstream, the flow field shows a reversed flow near the abutments having a subsequent recovery with a passage of flow as a part of the main flow. The data presented in this p 相似文献
35.
A. P. Nicholas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(6):655-674
This paper reports the application of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model to a braided reach of the Avoca River, New Zealand. Field measurements of water surface elevation, depth and velocity obtained at low flow were used to validate the model and to optimize the parameterization of bed friction. The main systematic trends in the measured flow variables are reproduced by the model. However, field data are characterized by greater spatial variability than model output reflecting differences in the scale of processes measured in the field and represented by the model. Additional model runs were conducted to simulate flow patterns within the study reach at five higher discharges. The purpose of these simulations was to evaluate the potential for using two‐dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the reach‐scale hydraulic characteristics of braided rivers and their dependence on discharge. Changes in flow depth and velocity with increasing discharge exhibit trends that are consistent with the results of previous field investigations, although the tendency for the wetted area of the braidplain within particular depth and velocity categories to remain fixed as discharge rises, as has been noted for several braided rivers in New Zealand, was not observed. Modelled shear stress frequency distributions fit gamma functions that incorporate a distribution shape parameter, the value of which follows clear systematic trends with rising discharge. These results illustrate both the problems of, and potential for, using two‐dimensional hydraulic models in braided river applications. This leads to something of a paradox in that while such models provide a means of generating hydraulic information that would be difficult to obtain in the field at an equivalent spatial resolution, they are, due to the problems inherent to data collection, difficult to validate conclusively. Despite this limitation, the application of spatially distributed models to investigate relationships between discharge and reach‐scale form and process variables appears to have considerable potential. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
A recently exposed section across a ?rst‐order valley buried beneath the regional blanket peat on hillside slopes in the upper Liffey valley, Co. Wicklow, is described. The section shows two alluvia within a shallow valley form underlain by an extensive boulder and stone line over regional till and weathered granite. 14C dates from wood in the alluvia indicate the older alluvium to have formed between 4324 ± 53 BP and 4126 ± 45 BP and the younger between 3217 ± 53 BP and 2975 ± 53 BP . The basal layer of the overlying peat yielded a date of 2208 ± 61 BP . The younger alluvium shows the effects of soil paludi?cation prior to the peat expansion. Dated pollen analyses elsewhere in the upper catchment con?rm the spread of blanket peat over most areas above 350 m after 4000–3600 BP . The buried valley was contributing sediments to the mid‐Holocene ?oodplains in the upper Liffey valley prior to the extension of blanket peat over the catchment after which sediment yields from it and the other catchment slopes declined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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39.
Stanley W. Trimble 《Environmental Geology》1997,32(3):230-234
A significant proportion of stream sediment yield in North America comes from stream channel and bank erosion. One method
used for stream stabilization is the bank installation of timber and stone fish-shelter structures, but there is little evidence
for their potential effectiveness. Nine to nineteen years of precise survey data from Coon Creek, Wisconsin, however, show
that fish structures enhance sediment deposition along the stream and may retard lateral migration of channels. Such structures
have greater utility for sediment control when streams are eroding away a high bank and replacing it with a lower bank.
Received: 18 October 1996 · Accepted: 4 February 1997 相似文献
40.
中国古大陆及其边缘早古生代层序地层及海平面变化的基本特征 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
着重总结了我国古大陆及其边缘早古生代大层序(megasequence,一级层序)和中层序(mesosequence,二级层序),以及一级、二级海平面变化的基本特征,并与国外早古生代海平面变化进行对比.我国3大古陆(华北陆块、扬子陆块、塔里木陆块)及其边缘早古生代大层序可划分为两个(MG-1,MG-2).中层序划分为5个(MS-1,MS-2,MS-3,MS-4,MS-5).MG-1包括MS-1,MS-2和MS-3,时限为94~112Ma(寒武纪和早奥陶世),底以巨大不整合为界,顶以著名巨大沉没不整合为限,沉积了我国显生宙大部分的碳酸盐岩,赋存着丰富的油气和各种金属及非金属矿产.MG-2包括MS-4和MS-5,时限为58~68Ma(中、晚奥陶世和志留纪),底界以巨大沉没不整合为界,为硅质碎屑-碳酸盐岩组合.海平面变化的级别划分对应于层序.中国3大古陆及其边缘早古生代海平面变化的总貌:MGSC-1初期普遍发生快速海进,海平面升高,尔后海平面下降,其间有多期次的小幅度海进和海退变化.MGSC-2则普遍海平面升高,上升幅度大于MGSC-1,尔后逐渐下降. 相似文献