The Role of Advective Fluid Flow and Diffusion during Localized, Solid-State Dehydration: Sondrum Stenhuggeriet, Halmstad, SW Sweden     

HARLOV  DANIEL E.; JOHANSSON  LEIF; VAN DEN KERKHOF  ALFONS; FORSTER  HANS-JURGEN 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(1):3-33

A localized dehydration zone, Söndrum stone quarry, Halmstad,SW Sweden, consists of a central, 1 m wide granitic pegmatoiddyke, on either side of which extends a 2·5–3 mwide dehydration zone (650–700°C; 800 MPa; orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene–biotite–amphibole–garnet)overprinting a local migmatized granitic gneiss (amphibole–biotite–garnet).Whole-rock chemistry indicates that dehydration of the graniticgneiss was predominantly isochemical. Exceptions include [Y+ heavy rare earth elements (HREE)], Ba, Sr, and F, which aremarkedly depleted throughout the dehydration zone. Systematictrends in the silicate and fluorapatite mineral chemistry acrossthe dehydration zone include depletion in Fe, (Y + HREE), Na,K, F, and Cl, and enrichment in Mg, Mn, Ca, and Ti. Fluid inclusionchemistry is similar in all three zones and indicates the presenceof a fluid containing CO₂, NaCl, and H₂O components. Water activitiesin the dehydration zone average 0·36, or X_H2O = 0·25.All lines of evidence suggest that the formation of the dehydrationzone was due to advective transport of a CO₂-rich fluid witha minor NaCl brine component originating from a tectonic fracture.Fluid infiltration resulted in the localized partial breakdownof biotite and amphiboles to pyroxenes releasing Ti and Ca,which were partitioned into the remaining biotite and amphibole,as well as uniform depletion in (Y + HREE), Ba, Sr, Cl, andF. At some later stage, H₂O-rich fluids (H₂O activity >0·8)gave rise to localized partial melting and the probable injectionof a granitic melt into the tectonic fracture, which resultedin the biotite and amphibole recording a diffusion profile forF across the dehydration zone into the granitic gneiss as wellas a diffusion profile in Fe, Mn, and Mg for all Fe–Mgsilicate minerals within 100 cm of the pegmatoid dyke. KEY WORDS: charnockite; fluids; CO₂; brines; localized dehydration; Söndrum  相似文献   

Natural fluid phases at high temperatures and low pressures   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K. I. Shmulovich  S. V. Churakov 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,62(1-3)

Gas phases at low pressures and high (magmatic) temperatures have certain peculiar properties. The fluid is mainly water vapour, which is usually observed during discharging of crystal magmatic melts. At >700°C and <100 bar these peculiar properties include: formation of near ‘dry' salt melts as second fluid phase, very strong fractionation of hydrolysis products between vapour and melts, subvalence state of metals during transport processes, and high sensitivity of the gas to conditions of sublimate precipitation. Phase diagram analysis as well as results of field and laboratory experiments are presented in this article. The processes could be a model for industrial technologies to clean wastes from toxic, rare and heavy metals. Transport forms of some elements in volcanic gases are very similar to the species which were formed first in the protosolar nebula.  相似文献   

Overheated, Cu-bearing magmas in the Zaldívar porphyry-Cu deposit, Northern Chile. Geodynamic consequences     

E. Campos  J. L. R. Touret  I. Nikogosian  J. Delgado 《Tectonophysics》2002,345(1-4)

The Zaldívar porphyry copper deposit, Northern Chile, consists of two major intrusions, the 290 Ma Zaldívar, and the more recent Miocene (38.7 Ma) Llamo porphyry. Five types of inclusions have been identified in quartz phenocrysts from Llamo porphyry, including melt inclusions (M), and four types of fluid inclusions, called MS (multi solids), B (brines), G (vapor-rich) and W (aqueous), respectively.Melt remnants, well preserved as M-inclusions, homogenize around 1000 °C. They show a rhyolitic composition, comparable to the most evolved acidic rhyolitic end member found elsewhere in the regional magmatism and to worldwide volcanic rhyolitic glass. High silica content in some inclusions can, however, be due to partial remelting of the quartz host during the heating run. Copper content in the same inclusions ranges between 0.03 and 0.57 wt.%, with an average concentration of 0.10 wt.%, suggesting a major magmatic source for the copper (orthomagmatic model).MS inclusions, which contain a number of solids at room temperature, mostly H₂O-bearing phases (system NaCl–KCl–((Fe, Mg, Cu)Cl)–H₂O, average salinity 70 wt.% NaCl equiv.), homogenize at magmatic temperatures (around 1000 °C). They represent the first fluids to have exsolved from the magma at depth, at a pressure of about 2 kbar. Their high homogenization temperature, comparable to values measured for melt inclusions (1000 to 1050 °C), may indicate trapping of MS and M inclusions in host phenocrysts from an immiscible mixture of silicate melt and highly saline fluids expelled from the magma during the early stage of quartz crystallization.The data indicate a magmatic origin for copper, as well as extremely high melt temperatures. These features are interpreted by magmatic differentiation of mantle-derived primitive melts, corresponding to major changes in the tectonic regime of the Andean margin, which occurred in Miocene times.  相似文献   

Dolomitization of the Middle Devonian Winnipegosis carbonates in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada     

QILONG FU  HAIRUO QING  KATHERINE M. BERGMAN 《Sedimentology》2006,53(4):825-848

The Middle Devonian Winnipegosis carbonate unit in south‐central Saskatchewan is partially to completely dolomitized. Two major types of replacive dolomite are distinguished. Microcrystalline to finely crystalline dolomite (type 1) displays nonplanar‐a to planar‐s textures, mimetically replaces the precursor limestone, accounts for about four‐fifths of dolomite phases volumetrically, and mainly occurs in the Winnipegosis mounds and the Lower Winnipegosis Member directly underlying the mounds. Medium crystalline dolomite (type 2) shows planar‐s to planar‐e textures, commonly occurs in the Lower Winnipegosis and Brightholme members, and decreases upward in abundance. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of type 1 dolomite (0·70795 to 0·70807) fall within the estimated Sr‐isotopic range for Middle Devonian marine carbonates. Stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical data constrain the formation of type 1 dolomite to hypersaline sea water in a near‐surface environment, after marine cementation and sub‐aerial diagenesis and prior to precipitation of the Middle Devonian Leofnard salts. Movement of dolomitizing fluids could be driven by density differences and elevation head. The shift to lower δ¹⁸O values of type 1 dolomite [?7·4 to ?5·1‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)] is interpreted as the result of recrystallization at elevated temperatures during burial. Type 2 dolomite has higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0·70809–0·70928), suggesting that the dolomite probably formed from basinal fluids with an increased richness in the radiogenic Sr isotope. In type 2 dolomite, Sr²⁺ concentrations are lower, and Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations are higher, compared with the associated limestone and type 1 dolomite. Type 2 dolomite is interpreted as having been formed from upward‐migrating basinal fluids during latest Devonian and Carboniferous period.  相似文献   

Depletion of a brine layer at the base of ridge-crest hydrothermal systems     

Stan Schoofs  Ulrich Hansen 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2000,180(3-4):341-353

The variable salinity of fluid venting from mid-ocean ridges is indicative of mixing between hydrothermal seawater and fluids that have undergone supercritical phase separation. In order to study the stability of a brine-saturated layer that may form in the lowermost part of the hydrothermal system, we have performed numerical simulations of a system that has returned into the subcritical regime. For typical geological parameters, it is shown that the interface between the brine layer and the overlying fluids is not very stable, but vanishes by one of two dynamical mechanisms: convective breakdown or vertical migration. This contradicts the conventional picture of a steady, layered convective system in which the brine is depleted only by dispersion and diffusion across the interface. The depletion mechanism depends on the fluid-dynamical stability of the brine layer. Convection within the brine layer results either in the convective breakdown (for low excess salinity of the brine, as compared to seawater) or the upward migration of the interface (for higher excess salinities). Consequently, the depletion times are much shorter than for models with pure dispersion/diffusion across the interface. If the brine layer is static, high-chlorinity liquid is entrained slowly by the convecting overlying fluids, leading to downward migration of the interface. This gradual depletion of the brine layer results in almost constant vent salinities, in agreement with measured salinities of chronic high-chlorinity vents.  相似文献   

Effects of salinity,temperature, and light intensity on the growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates in mixed culture     

F. H. Chang  Robert G. Wear  John Reynolds 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):467-478

Growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates, Dunaliella euchlora Lerche and D. salina Teodoresco, were studied in mixed batch cultures grown in filtered, axenic brines from Lake Grassmere, New Zealand. Forty‐five combinations of temperature, salinity, and light intensity were used. A maximum growth rate of 1.50 doublings day^‐1 was attained by D. salina at 26°C, 190 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 126 μE m^‐2 s^‐1. D. euchlora showed maximum growth rate of 1.16 doublings day^‐1 at 20°C, 120 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 180 μE m^‐2s^‐1. Predicted maximum values of 1.41 and 1.14 doublings day^‐1 respectively were obtained from regression models based on 45 replicate treatment combinations. In decreasing order of importance, temperature, salinity, and light intensity influence growth rates of brine algae. The optimum temperature for growth of both species increased as the salt concentration increased but decreased with increasing light intensity.  相似文献   

塔里木盆地西部古盐矿点卤水水化学特征与找钾研究   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

谭红兵  马万栋  马海州  张西营  曹成东 《地球化学》2004,33(2):152-158

在塔里木盆地发展地史上,白垩纪—第三纪时曾有过多次大的海浸,带来了丰富的盐类物质成分,又由于干旱封闭的气候环境,其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的盐岩,因此一直被列为我国有利的找钾远景区。在对塔里木盆地西部晚白垩—第三纪地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了一些卤水样品的水化学组成,通过K+含量及一些水化学系数变化特征的研究,查明了卤水的成因类型属石盐岩淋滤水,K+含量较低,没有出现显著水化学系数异常;但相比之下,塔里木盆地西南喀什坳陷构造区Br含量值明显高于库车坳陷,Br×103/Cl值等具找钾意义的水化学系数比其他地区高1～2个数量级,推测淋滤的盐层当时的成盐古卤水浓缩程度较高,Br出现相对的富积,有一定的找钾远景;另外,对比海水蒸发实验结果,发现卤水的化学成分明显不同于经典的海相成盐淋滤卤水,指示海相标志的Br、B等含量较低,反映了该区成盐环境是在海陆相互作用的复杂条件下形成的,今后的找钾工作不能局限于经典的海相成盐理论,应该结合岩盐及含盐系地层地球化学、盆地构造变形历史及构造分异特征的综合分析研究,寻找新的找钾指标,以期在喀什坳陷等更深一级次级盆地发现可能的钾盐矿床。  相似文献   

Genesis of the Jurassic Carbonate‐Hosted Pb–Zn Deposits of Jebel Ressas (North‐Eastern Tunisia): Evidence from Mineralogy,Petrography and Trace Metal Contents and Isotope (O,C, S,Pb) Geochemistry     

Nejib JEMMALI  Fouad SOUISSI  Torsten W. VENNEMANN  Emmanuel John M. CARRANZA 《Resource Geology》2011,61(4):367-383

The Jebel Ressas Pb–Zn deposits in North‐Eastern Tunisia occur mainly as open‐space fillings (lodes, tectonic breccia cements) in bioclastic limestones of the Upper Jurassic Ressas Formation and along the contact of this formation with Triassic rocks. The galena–sphalerite association and their alteration products (cerussite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite) are set within a calcite gangue. The Triassic rocks exhibit enrichments in trace metals, namely Pb, Co and Cd enrichment in clays and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Cr enrichment in carbonates, suggesting that the Triassic rocks have interacted with the ore‐bearing fluids associated with the Jebel Ressas Pb–Zn deposits. The δ¹⁸O content of calcite associated with the Pb–Zn mineralization suggests that it is likely to have precipitated from a fluid that was in equilibrium with the Triassic dolostones. The δ³⁴S values in galenas from the Pb–Zn deposits range from ?1.5 to +11.4‰, with an average of 5.9‰ and standard deviation of 3.9‰. These data imply mixing of thermochemically‐reduced heavy sulfur carried in geothermal‐ and fault‐stress‐driven deep‐seated source fluid with bacterially‐reduced light sulfur carried in topography‐driven meteoric fluid. Lead isotope ratios in galenas from the Pb–Zn deposits are homogenous and indicate a single upper crustal source of base‐metals for these deposits. Synthesis of the geochemical data with geological data suggests that the base‐metal mineralization at Jebel Ressas was formed during the Serravallian–Tortonian (or Middle–Late Miocene) Alpine compressional tectonics.  相似文献   

关于密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床的一些探讨   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

甄世民  祝新友  李永胜  杜泽忠  巩小栋  公凡影  齐钒宇 《矿床地质》2013,32(2):367-379

密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床是全球最重要的铅锌矿床类型之一,由于其储量大、开发早,在成矿规律研究等方面均取得了重要进展,如成矿物质来源、成矿流体的驱动机制、成矿金属的迁移机制和沉淀富集机制、成矿时代、成矿模式等。文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,主要从含矿建造和区域盆地卤水活动两个方面对MVT矿床的成矿规律进行了系统的总结和综合研究,厘定了MVT矿床的含矿建造,主要包括特定的含矿岩性组合、盆地中的红层、生烃层等,分析了区域盆地卤水活动对MVT矿床的制约,主要包括区域白云石化与MVT铅锌矿床的空间分布关系、与MVT铅锌矿床常伴生的其他类型矿床,并对MVT铅锌矿床的成因进行了初步的探讨。最后,认为特定的岩性组合(特别是砂岩、碳酸盐岩、泥页岩组合)、含矿岩系下部碎屑岩的褪色蚀变、区域红层盆地的广泛发育、生烃盆地的边缘、区域白云石化的前锋地带等,是MVT矿床及其伴生矿床找矿勘探的重要参考依据。  相似文献   

大陆裂谷盆地钾盐矿床特征与成矿作用   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

刘成林 《地球学报》2013,34(5):515-527

全球板块运动对表生成钾控制明显, 即从古生代到中新生代, 从巨型稳定克拉通陆表海盆成钾, 到中生代特提斯海域海盆成钾, 再到新生代的大陆裂谷盆地成钾, 地球表生成钾模式发生了重大转变; 成钾物质来源从海水补给为主, 转变为非海相(以火山活动带来深部物质和陆表水)与海相混合型, 甚至以非海相深部物质补给为主。全球裂谷成钾时期正好处于Pangea超大陆解体及新特提斯洋闭合时期, 成钾的裂谷型蒸发岩盆地也主要位于这两个构造域内, 这些进一步表明裂谷成钾是地球板块构造运动演化历史的必然结果。典型的裂谷盆地钾盐矿床有: 大西洋裂谷形成初期沉积的刚果(布)白垩纪钾盐矿、欧洲大陆莱茵地堑第三纪钾盐矿、非洲大陆埃塞俄比亚达纳基尔钾盐矿等; 同时, 还有众多裂谷盆地蕴藏有富钾卤水矿, 如死海裂谷富钾卤水、东非大裂谷一些富钾盐湖、美国加州索尔顿海高温富钾热卤以及中国江陵凹陷富钾热卤等。这些钾盐矿的共同特点是: 盆地内发育火山岩和温热泉, 具有深源补给的明显特征; 尽管裂谷盆地规模一般很小, 但形成的钾盐规模最大可达数十亿吨。总结世界大陆裂谷盆地钾盐矿床特征、物质来源与成矿作用, 提出了大陆裂谷型小盆地成钾模式。其裂谷成钾过程可分解为“二个阶段”, 第一阶段, 地表盐湖-太阳能作用, 第二阶段, 埋藏-岩浆热能作用; 成钾作用有三个, 即蒸发沉积作用、沉积后淋滤改造作用和埋藏变质改造作用。中国中新生代裂谷型盆地比较发育, 进一步研究大陆裂谷盆地成钾作用, 可以为此类盆地找钾提供理论依据和指导。  相似文献