大气颗粒物中含碳组分的分析技术   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

赵起越  李新中等 《岩矿测试》2001,20(3):208-213

对国内对自20世纪70年代发展起来的大气颗粒物中含碳物质组分的多种分析技术进行了评述，介绍了国内外发展现状，阐述了当今主要分析技术的特点。  相似文献   

A multi-proxy analysis of climate impacts on the recent development of subarctic Lake Saanajärvi in Finnish Lapland     

A. Korhola  S. Sorvari  M. Rautio  P.G. Appleby  J.A. Dearing  Y. Hu  N. Rose  A. Lami  N.G. Camerson 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,28(1):59-77

Responses to recent climatic changes in the sediment of subarctic Lake Saanajärvi in northwestern Finnish Lapland are studied by comparison of various biological and sedimentological proxies with the 200-year long climate record, specifically reconstructed for the site using a data-set of European-wide meteorological data. The multi-proxy evidence of simultaneously changing diatom, Cladocera, and chrysophyte assemblages along with the increased rates of organic matter accumulation and pigment concentrations suggest that the lake has undergone a distinct typological change starting from the turn of the 20th century. This change, indicating an increase in lake productivity, parallels a pronounced rise in the meteorologically reconstructed mean annual and summer temperatures in the region between ca. 1850 and 1930's. We postulate that, during the Little Ice Age, the lake was not, or was only weakly, thermally stratified during summer, whereas the subsequent increase in air and hence epilimnetic water temperatures resulted in the development of the present summer stratification. The increased thermal stability of the lake created more suitable conditions for the growth of phyto- and zooplankton and changed the overall primary production from benthos to plankton. Mineral magnetic and carbonaceous particle records suggest long-distance pollution, particularly since the 1920's, yet the observed changes in lake biota and productivity can hardly be explained by this very minor background pollution; the 20th century species configurations are typical of neutral waters and do not indicate any response to pollution.  相似文献   

High-resolution analyses of recent sediments from a Norwegian mountain lake and comparison with instrumental records of climate     

N.G. Cameron  Ø.A. Schnell  M.L. Rautio  A. Lami  D.M. Livingstone  P.G. Appleby  J.A. Dearing  N.L. Rose 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,28(1):79-93

The purpose of the palaeolimnological research project carried out at Øvre Neådalsvatn was to apply a number of physical and biological proxy-climate analyses to recent sediments and to compare the results of these analyses with instrumental records of climate. Using a radiometric chronology to match the sediment core with the calendar ages of the reconstructed instrumental record, and by time-averaging the instrumental record, the statistical significance of the relationships between each of the sediment-climate proxies and the reconstructed instrumental-climate measurements were evaluated.Acid deposition at Øvre Neådalsvatn has been low and its impact limited. Whilst there has been an overall rise in mean annual temperature of about 1 °C since 1900, the physical and biological sediment records studied appear to be insensitive to climate warming of this magnitude. On the one hand, this may be a result of the loss in temporal resolution caused by time-averaging the instrumental data; on the other hand, the lake may be insensitive to the impact of this climate change.  相似文献   

The sedimentary record of spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles in shallow Danish lakes     

Bent Vad Odgaard 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(3):171-187

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) from combustion of oil and coal have been quantified in cores from top sediments of Danish shallow lakes. Chronologies were provided by ²¹⁰Pb-dating supplemented by measurements of other radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ²⁴¹Am). All cores show indications of sediment mixing but most still retain a characteristic SCP record. Deposition rates of SCP were low until the 1920s, increased strongly after World War II, reached maximum levels around 1970 and decreased thereafter. These results were used to infer a new chronology for a sediment core from a shallow lake, from which a ²¹⁰Pb chronology had previously been published.SCP inventories are positively correlated with ²¹⁰Pb inventories and dry matter accumulated since 1900, suggesting that absolute SCP accumulation rates may be more influenced by sedimentary processes than by atmospheric fluxes. The concentrations of SCP in surface sediments of the six lakes do, however, correlate with regional SO₂ emissions.  相似文献   

A note on further refinements to a procedure for the extraction of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from sediments   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Neil L. Rose 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1994,11(2):201-204

This paper describes improvements to a previously published technique for the extraction of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from sediments. By using test-tubes in a water-bath rather than beakers on a hot-plate, the number of simultaneous preparations that can be done is increased and the length of time spent on the preparations and the amounts of hazardous chemicals used is reduced. As the digestion vessel remains the same throughout the procedure, potential loss of particles due to transfer of material between vessels is also minimised, whilst keeping sensitivity, accuracy and detection limit the same.  相似文献   

Raman spectrum of carbonaceous material: a possible metamorphic grade indicator for low-grade metamorphic rocks   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

T.-F. YUI  E. HUANG  & J. XU 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1996,14(2):115-124

Raman spectral analyses of carbonaceous material (CM) extracted from pelitic samples along two sections traversing the metamorphic belt of Taiwan were carried out in the present study. The results show similar spectral variations of CM with metamorphic grade as those documented in the literature. However, continuous sampling from zeolite facies through prehnite–pumpellyite facies to greenschist facies metamorphic rocks in the present study does reveal some interesting features on the Raman spectra of CM that were not noted before. Both the Raman D (disordered-)/O (ordered-) peak area (i.e. integrated intensity) ratio and the D/O peak width (i.e. full width at half maximum, FWHM) ratio of the CM decrease with progressive metamorphism, but the most prominent change in the D/O peak area ratio occurs in samples of lower greenschist facies metamorphic grade, while the most significant decrease in the D/O peak width ratio occurs in samples near the boundary of prehnite–pumpellyite facies and greenschist facies. This phenomenon is interpreted as a result of the decoupling of the changing rates of in-plane crystallite size and degree of defects of CM with progressive metamorphism. It is postulated that the Raman spectrum of CM can serve as a metamorphic grade indicator to distinguish samples of prehnite–pumpellyite facies metamorphic grade from those of greenschist facies metamorphic grade.  相似文献   

Comparison and interpretation of graphitization in contact and regional metamorphic rocks     

Daisuke  Nakamura 《Island Arc》1995,4(2):112-127

Abstract X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of carbonaceous materials were carried out in conjunction with petrological studies for selected metamorphic rocks in order to compare the structural state of carbonaceous materials between contact and regional metamorphic rocks. The most extensive study was done for the Daimonji contact aureole in the eastern part of Kyoto city, Japan. The Daimonji contact aureole can be divided into three mineral zones using mineral parageneses of pelitic rocks: chlorite, biotite and cordierite zones. The cordierite zone can be further subdivided into lower- and higher-grade subzones. Petrological considerations allow the two isograd reactions that define the lower- and higher-grade cordierite subzones to be determined and suggest these reactions occurred at 510–560°C and 560–590°C per 2.0-2.3 kbar, respectively. A combination of the petrological studies and the XRD data of carbonaceous materials suggest that fully ordered graphite (FG; defined by d(002) ≤ 3.360 Å following the convention used by many workers), appears around 560–590°C in the Daimonji contact aureole. This data and refinement of geothermometer for published data confirmed that the FG appears at 400–500°C in regional metamorphic rocks, but at higher than 530°C in contact aureoles. One possible explanation for such a temperature difference is the duration of heating. However, the width at half height (WH) of the graphite peak attains a similar value of 0.30° at around 500°C both in contact and regional metamorphic rocks, suggesting that WH value is a more reliable indicator of metamorphic grade than the change of d(002) value. Furthermore, the depressed d(002) data of graphite was observed locally in the higher grade part (≥ 500°C) of the Ryoke regional metamorphic belt, where granitic intrusions exist within a few km distance. These facts indicate that the duration of heating is not an important factor controlling the change of d(002) value. It is possible that interlayered impurities, such as chlorine, which was derived from igneous intrusions, may be an important factor in suppressing the reduction in d(002) at temperatures greater than 500°C.  相似文献   

炭质页岩的颗粒破碎及其路用性能试验研究     

常洲  张留俊  黄平明  晏长根  贾卓龙  徐合清 《岩土力学》2022,43(11):3117-3126

为综合评估炭质页岩的路用性能,充分认识炭质页岩的颗粒破碎行为,测试了炭质页岩块在循环压实过程中各粒组含量的演化规律,结合室内击实试验阐述了颗粒破碎对炭质页岩击实性能的影响,确定了最佳填筑级配,并依据最佳级配进行三轴湿化变形试验,从颗粒破碎角度分析了炭质页岩填料湿化变形的变化规律,最后对炭质页岩现场填筑效果进行了验证。结果表明：炭质页岩压实过程经历结构调整、颗粒破碎、压缩变形3个阶段,形成的相对稳定级配结构为其用作路堤填料提供了基础;填料最大干密度形成机制受颗粒破碎过程中粒径为20～40 mm与粒径小于2 mm颗粒含量变化的影响较大,随粗料含量增加,试样相对破碎率线性增大,最大干密度呈先增大后减小变化,最优粗料含量约为70%;湿化变形是混合料颗粒破碎的外在表现,浸水湿化后混合料强度降低约40%,可采用相对破碎率 B_r 预估混合料遇水产生的湿化变形量,并建立了相对破碎率与围压、应力水平间的数学关系式;现场填筑过程中路堤压实度检测与沉降观测表明,炭质页岩路堤的最佳铺松厚度约为40 cm。  相似文献   

软弱破碎围岩隧道炭质页岩蠕变特性试验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘钦  李术才  李利平  原小帅  赵勇 《岩土力学》2012,33(Z2):21-0029

采集贵广铁路天平山隧道典型软弱破碎围岩岩样,在室内开展三轴常规压缩和三轴压缩蠕变试验。基于岩石试验成果,分析炭质页岩的蠕变力学特性,低应力水平条件下岩石仅出现减速蠕变和等速蠕变阶段,在更高的应力水平条件下,岩石并未出现加速蠕变的现象,但围压在一定程度上提高岩石的屈服强度,弹性模量亦有随着围压增加而增大的趋势。据此,建立依托工程炭质页岩蠕变全过程的黏弹塑性应变软化蠕变力学模型,推导该蠕变力学模型在三维应力状态下的本构方程,并确定模型的参数,运用最小二乘法对模型的参数进行辨识。通过与试验曲线对比显示,所建蠕变模型能够描述依托工程炭质页岩的蠕变力学特征,可以用来研究该隧道软弱破碎围岩的蠕变性质和稳定性。  相似文献   

超大断面炭质千枚岩隧道新型支护结构长期稳定性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

原小帅  张庆松  李术才  李利平  刘钦 《岩土力学》2011,32(Z2):556-561

针对兰渝铁路两水隧道岩质软、跨度大的特点,采用加厚初喷、二衬和双层型钢拱架的新型支护方式。通过对现场岩样的室内三轴蠕变试验,研究炭质千枚岩蠕变特性。试验结果表明,伯格斯蠕变模型能比较准确地描述其长期流变行为。运用大型岩土工程分析软件FLAC3D,结合现场新型支护方式,模拟隧道建成后DK357+976处围岩的流变力学行为,分析隧道在运营过程中围岩的变形和支护结构的受力情况。结果表明：在隧道100 a的使用期限内,二次衬砌能有效地减小围岩蠕变变形,支护结构中仅拱顶初喷在后期产生破坏,现场支护方式可以保证隧道的长期稳定性。  相似文献