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11.
Recharge to mountainous carbonated aquifers in SE Spain: Different approaches and new challenges 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J.M. Andreu F.J. Alcalá Á. Vallejos A. Pulido-Bosch 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(12):1262-1270
As in most semiarid regions, the main source of freshwater in SE Spain is its aquifers, and their exploitation has enabled the development of highly profitable irrigated agriculture and tourism industries. The application of sustainable water management plans requires aquifer recharge to be quantified and its spatial pattern evaluated. This paper gives a comprehensive review of various recharge studies in mountainous carbonated aquifers, the most important groundwater reservoirs in SE Spain. Quantification of potential recharge rates and their spatial variability are illustrated using satellite-based modeling and tracer techniques. Actual recharge figures from the application of a lumped model based on water table fluctuations are also presented. Potential recharge relative to actual recharge is around 1 in small aquifers and flat areas and may increase up to 1.3 in heterogeneous mountainous aquifers with deep water levels due to losses of recharge in transit in the vadose zone. The complex interaction between climate, geology, aquifer geometry, topography, soil properties and the degree of karstification prevents the systematization of any particular technique to quantify potential recharge. The use of water table fluctuation methods for actual recharge evaluation requires daily time steps to compute unnoticed small recharge events. Therefore, the monitoring of environmental variables and the use of complementary techniques for comparison are recommended. Despite their importance for the correct assessment of recharge in the region, uncertainty analyses are still scarce, and the natural variability of recharge is unknown in most cases. Effort is required to improve the spatial and temporal characterization of recharge through the integration of interdisciplinary sciences. 相似文献
12.
深俯冲碳酸盐化泥质岩的部分熔融行为研究是探索地球深部碳循环必不可少的方向之一,对地球深部物质循环、岩浆形成以及地幔化学成分不均一等过程起着不容忽视的作用。本文利用多顶砧大压机探索了6.0 GPa、800~1 600℃下碳酸盐化泥质岩的部分熔融行为,实验产物主要包括石榴子石、单斜辉石、柯石英、蓝晶石、碳酸盐矿物、多硅白云母以及熔体。碳酸盐矿物为方解石和菱镁矿,存在于6.0 GPa固相线以下的实验产物中。相对于同等压力下其它碳酸盐化体系,本文实验体系具有最低的固相线。部分熔融产生的熔体为硅酸盐熔体,且随着温度的升高,熔体比例逐渐增加,熔体成分也发生了明显的变化。 相似文献
13.
南海及其周边(包括雷州半岛、海南岛、印支半岛)广泛分布新生代以来形成的板内玄武岩(弥散火成岩省),本文搜集了该区已发表的新生代玄武岩的地球化学数据并据此进行了总结分析。结果显示,该区板内火山岩主要分为拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩两个系列,其微量元素组成为典型的洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征。Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素结果指示其源区为亏损地幔端元(DMM)与富集端元(EM2)二端元混合。总体上,相对橄榄岩源区形成的熔体而言,这些玄武岩具有低的CaO、较高的Fe/Mn、Zn/Mn及Zn/Fe值;同时,南海海盆玄武岩、海南岛和印支半岛玄武岩中的橄榄石斑晶相对典型地幔橄榄岩部分熔融形成的玄武岩橄榄石斑晶具有低的Ca和Mn含量,以及高的Ni含量和Fe/Mn值,显示其源区辉石岩组分含量较高。南海停止扩张后出现碳酸盐化火山岩并在地球化学上表现为向碱性玄武岩连续转化,同时海南岛和印支半岛的新生代玄武岩整体具有低于亏损橄榄岩地幔的Mg同位素组成,这些都表明南海及周缘地区的地幔源区中有俯冲板块带入的沉积碳酸盐混入。综上认为,该弥散火成岩省在地幔源区组成上均体现有"俯冲-再循环"组分的加入,该再循环地幔组分可能与该地区长期俯冲滞留板块的重熔有关。 相似文献
14.
Metamorphic peak geothermobarometry in the Furulund Group, Sulitjelma, Scandinavian Caledonides: implications for uplift 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Regional metamorphism in the Sulitjelma area of the arctic Scandinavian Caledonides has produced a series of Barrovian zones, from chlorite through to kyanite in more aluminous pelites, which transect the major lithological boundaries in a large nappe unit of the Köli Nappe Complex. The metamorphic zones are inverted, and metamorphic grade increases westwards from the foreland to the hinterland. The Furulund Group comprises a mixed sequence of originally flysch-like sediments which crop out over the whole range of the observed Barrovian zones, but are usually too calcareous to develop the characteristic Barrovian aluminous phases staurolite and kyanite. Instead, above the garnet isograd, the Furulund Group pelites and semi-pelites have widely developed hornblende porphyroblasts in the common assemblage Grt + Pl + Bt + Ms + Qtz ± Hbl ± Ep ± Czo ± Chl ± Cal ± Dol. Thermobarometric estimates of metamorphic peak P–T conditions (i.e. at maximum recorded temperatures) from this assemblage, using three different methods, indicate a westward increase of both pressure and temperature over a distance of 14 km away from the garnet isograd towards the hinterland of the orogen, independent of topographic level and without change in the common mineral assemblage. The increased peak pressure in the west indicates greater initial burial and subsequent exhumation in the hinterland than towards the foreland. Restoration indicates that the Furulund Group has been subjected to substantial eastward bulk tilting after peak metamorphic conditions. Whilst this enhances the overturning of the metamorphic zones, the amount of tilting was not sufficient to cause the overturning. 相似文献
15.
M. ENAMI 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1983,1(2):141-161
The oligoclase-biotite zone of the Bessi area, central Shikoku is characterized by sodic plagioclase (XCa = 0.10–0.28)-bearing assemblages in pelitic schists, and represents the highest-grade zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain. Mineral assemblages in pelitic schists of this zone, all with quartz, sodic plagioclase, muscovite and clinozoisite (or zoisite), are garnet + biotite + chlorite + paragonite, garnet + biotite + hornblende + chlorite, and partial assemblages of these two types. Correlations between mineral compositions, mineral assemblages and mineral stability data assuming PH2 O = Psolid suggests that metamorphic conditions of this zone are about 610 ± 25°C and 10 ± 1 kbar.
Based upon a comparative study of mineralogy and chemistry of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa terrain with those in the New Caledonia omphacite zone as an example of a typical high-pressure type of metamorphic belt and with those in a generalized'upper staurolite zone'as an example of a medium-pressure type of metamorphic belt, progressive assemblages within these three zones can be related by reactions such as: 相似文献
Based upon a comparative study of mineralogy and chemistry of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa terrain with those in the New Caledonia omphacite zone as an example of a typical high-pressure type of metamorphic belt and with those in a generalized'upper staurolite zone'as an example of a medium-pressure type of metamorphic belt, progressive assemblages within these three zones can be related by reactions such as: 相似文献
16.
中国东南部浙江境内分布有大量新生代板内玄武岩，这些玄武岩的分布受到三条北东—南西向的断裂控制，将浙江玄武岩分为西部、中部、东部三个区域。其中，出露于浙江西部江山-绍兴断裂带的建德玄武岩是浙江境内最古老的新生代玄武岩（约40 Ma）。为进一步认识浙江境内新生代岩浆作用的本质，测定了建德玄武岩的元素组成和Sr、Nd、Hf、Pb同位素组成，并在与浙江境内其它新生代玄武岩对比的基础上，探讨它们之间的成因联系。建德玄武岩为碧玄岩，与浙江西部其它新生代玄武岩一样，碱性程度明显高于浙江中部和东部的新生代玄武岩（以弱碱性的碱性橄榄玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩为主）。这些玄武岩具有较低的SiO2 (41.3~42.3 wt%）和Al2O3（9.70~12.6 wt%）含量，较高的MgO（8.90~15.6 wt%）、CaO（8.92~12.1 wt%）、TiO2（2.78~3.18 wt%）和Fe2O3T（14.1~16.2 wt%）含量以及较高的Ca/Al（1.02~1.16）比值。不相容微量元素组成上与火成碳酸岩具有亲缘性，即蛛网图上表现为明显的K、Zr、Hf、Ti的负异常（Hf/Hf*=0.74~0.77, Ti/Ti*=0.70~0.74），同时具有高的Zr/Hf比值（48.5~50.1），表明其地幔源区含有碳酸盐组分。建德玄武岩具有亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成（87Sr/86Sr=0.7032~0.7034, εNd=5.85~5.95, εHf=7.78~8.56）和较高的206Pb/204Pb（18.491~18.554）、207Pb/204Pb（15.488~15.518）和208Pb/204Pb（38.387~38.523）比值。相比浙江中部和东部玄武岩，浙江西部玄武岩及建德玄武岩具有更高的碱含量、不相容微量元素含量、La/Yb比值和更明显的K、Zr、Hf、Ti负异常，表明浙江西部玄武岩是碳酸盐化地幔低程度熔融的产物。浙江新生代玄武岩的Ti/Ti*与Ba/Th、K/La比值之间较好的正相关性表明其源区存在两端元混合的特征。其中，以浙江西部玄武岩（包括建德玄武岩）为代表的地幔端元是由含碳酸盐的再循环洋壳熔融产生的碳酸盐熔体与亏损地幔反应形成的碳酸盐化地幔，以较低的Ba/Th、K/La和Ti/Ti*比值为特征。以浙江东部玄武岩为代表的地幔端元具有和碳酸盐化地幔端元互补的、较高的Ba/Th、K/La和Ti/Ti*比值，代表熔融残余的再循环洋壳。因此，浙江新生代玄武岩的地幔源区是不均一的，这种不均一性主要是由具有成因联系的两种端元组分所控制。 相似文献
17.
This study analyses the mineralogical and chemical transformations associated with an Alpine shear zone in polymetamorphic metapelites from the Monte Rosa nappe in the upper Val Loranco (N‐Italy). In the shear zone, the pre‐Alpine assemblage plagioclase + biotite + kyanite is replaced by the assemblage garnet + phengite + paragonite at eclogite facies conditions of about 650 °C at 12.5 kbar. Outside the shear zone, only minute progress of the same metamorphic reaction was attained during the Alpine metamorphic overprint and the pre‐Alpine mineral assemblage is largely preserved. Textures of incomplete reaction, such as garnet rims at former grain contacts between pre‐existing plagioclase and biotite, are preserved in the country rocks of the shear zone. Reaction textures and phase relations indicate that the Alpine metamorphic overprint occurred under largely anhydrous conditions in low strain domains. In contrast, the mineralogical changes and phase equilibrium diagrams indicate water saturation within the Alpine shear zones. Shear zone formation occurred at approximately constant volume but was associated with substantial gains in silica and losses in aluminium and potassium. Changes in mineral modes associated with chemical alteration and progressive deformation indicate that plagioclase, biotite and kyanite were not only consumed in the course of the garnet‐and phengite‐producing reactions, but were also dissolved ‘congruently’ during shear zone formation. A large fraction of the silica liberated by plagioclase, biotite and kyanite dissolution was immediately re‐precipitated to form quartz, but the dissolved aluminium‐ and potassium‐bearing species appear to have been stable in solution and were removed via the pore fluid. The reaction causes the localization of deformation by producing fine‐grained white mica, which forms a mechanically weak aggregate. 相似文献
18.
不同于地上混凝土结构,隧洞衬砌结构会受到碳酸性水环境的影响,其劣化机制与大气环境中碳化作用存在明显的差异。为揭示碳酸性水环境作用下隧洞衬砌结构的劣化机制,开展了大气环境和碳酸性水环境下水泥砂浆室内加速侵蚀试验研究,研究结果表明：碳酸性水环境中水泥砂浆的碳化深度明显小于大气环境中的碳化深度,其碳化系数仅为大气环境中的0.18倍;大气环境下碳化作用导致水泥砂浆中孔体积减小,其单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均有明显提高,而碳酸性水环境加剧Ca元素流失,其碳化作用导致碳化层中Ca元素含量较低,从而破坏了水泥砂浆孔隙结构,导致水泥砂浆孔体积增加,最终碳酸性水环境导致水泥砂浆单轴抗压强度和弹性模量均降低,其中弹性模量降低幅度较大。研究结果揭示了碳酸性水环境会加速隧洞衬砌结构中Ca元素流失,造成孔隙增加而强度降低,最终导致隧洞衬砌结构劣化,从而影响隧洞衬砌结构长期安全运行。 相似文献
19.
碳循环进入地幔中主要是通过大洋板块俯冲作用完成的,再通过火山去气作用释放出来,以维持大气中CO2的平衡。洋壳主要由玄武岩组成,一般经热液改造后的洋壳含有一定数量的碳酸盐(质量分数大约为3％),而这些以脉或角砾形式存在的碳酸盐是碳沉淀的一个巨大储库。这些碳酸盐化的玄武岩在俯冲带背景下经历高压变质作用,相应地形成了碳酸盐化榴辉岩。碳酸盐化榴辉岩的部分熔融形成的熔体和气体对于弧岩浆的生成、CO2去气都有非常重要的作用,从而对整个碳循环研究具有重要的意义。文中较全面地总结了近年来,在不同的超高压变质地区发现的碳酸盐化榴辉岩的岩石学和野外产状特征,对比经热液改造的玄武岩 碳酸盐体系的高温高压岩石学研究取得的进展,明确了在俯冲带变质过程中碳酸盐与榴辉岩质硅酸盐体系是如何发生变化的,并对于NCFMASH+CO2体系的热力学相平衡计算的研究进展展开了讨论,对于探讨碳的深部循环过程具有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
针对新疆某工区强非均质性岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层,提出了一种基于地震多属性优化与电成像测井信息融合的碳酸盐岩储层缝洞带识别评价与钻井轨迹优化设计方法。首先,利用相干体、蚂蚁体等多种地震属性与张量约束的稀疏脉冲反演结果综合实现缝洞发育带空间分布预测与雕刻,确定可能油气圈闭的分布范围;然后,基于数学形态学滤波方法,由电成像测井资料自动拾取井壁的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞分布,统计井壁裂缝倾向和倾角;再次,用工区内钻孔多臂井径资料计算的井筒崩落信息与电成像资料拾取的诱导缝信息预测工区的最大和最小主应力方向;最后,融合地震属性与电成像测井信息评价的缝洞分布结果,预测工区内走滑断裂带的最大主应力方向以NE—SW为主,局部为NW—SE,且以中高角度为主的裂缝走向与主应力近乎平行。采用预测主应力分布方法实现了沿NW—SE方向的大斜度井与水平井优化设计,钻遇了大规模优质储集体,获得了稳定油流,并以此为基础在周围打井若干口,极大地降低了深层勘探的钻井风险。 相似文献