9. Life On Earth... And Elsewhere?     

Thierry Montmerle  Philippe Claeys  Muriel Gargaud  Purificatión López-García  Hervé Martin  Robert Pascal  Jacques Reisse  Franck Selsis 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2006,98(1-4):299-312

This concluding chapter is divided into two main parts. The first part is a summary of the main facts and events which constitute the present body of knowledge of the chronology of life in the solar system, in the form of “highlights” in astronomy, geology, chemistry and biology. The second part raises the interrogation “Is life universal?”, and tries to provide answers based on these facts and events. These answers turn out to differ widely among the various disciplines, depending on how far they feel able to extrapolate their current knowledge.  相似文献   

Optical,Radiative and Chemical Characteristics of Aerosol in Changsha City,Central China     

Xiaoyan WU  Jinyuan XIN  Wenyu ZHANG  Chongshui GONG  Yining MA  Yongjing MA  Tianxue WEN  Zirui LIU  Shili TIAN  Yuesi WANG  Fangkun WU 《大气科学进展》2020,37(12):1310-1322

Industrial pollution has a significant effect on aerosol properties in Changsha City, a typical city of central China. Therefore, year-round measurements of aerosol optical, radiative and chemical properties from 2012 to 2014 at an urban site in Changsha were analyzed. During the observation period, the energy structure was continuously optimized, which was characterized by the reduction of coal combustion. The aerosol properties have obvious seasonal variations. The seasonal average aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm ranged from 0.49 to 1.00, single scattering albedo (SSA) ranged from 0.93 to 0.97, and aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) ranged from ?24.0 to 3.8 W m^?2. The chemical components also showed seasonal variations. Meanwhile, the scattering aerosol, such as organic carbon, SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, and NH₄⁺ showed a decrease, and elemental carbon increased. Compared with observation in winter 2012, AOD and TOA decreased by 0.14 and ?1.49 W m^?2 in winter 2014. The scattering components, SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺, decreased by 12.8 μg m^?3 (56.8%), 9.2 μg m^?3 (48.8%) and 6.4 μg m^?3 (45.2%), respectively. The atmospheric visibility and pollution diffusion conditions improved. The extinction and radiative forcing of aerosol were significantly controlled by the scattering aerosol. The results indicate that Changsha is an industrial city with strong scattering aerosol. The energy structure optimization had a marked effect on controlling pollution, especially in winter (strong scattering aerosol).  相似文献   

H₂释放扰动电离层的数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

汪四成  方涵先  杨升高  翁利斌 《大气科学学报》2013,36(4):499-503

由于电离层中分子性离子与电子的复合要比氧离子与电子的复合快得多,因此H₂在电离层高度释放可有效地引起电子的消耗。本文基于一个包括中性气体扩散方程和离子化学反应方程的二维动力学模型,对H₂在电离层高度释放过程进行了数值模拟研究,并分析了不同释放条件下的电子扰动特性。结果表明:1)500 mol H₂释放后,迅速向周围空间扩散,释放中心处的电子密度30 s内下降了近4%,F₂层临界频率下降了1%左右;2)在不同高度处释放H₂时,最大的电子密度相对变化率并不是在峰值高度附近处释放时出现的;3)释放化学物质的量越多,电子密度的扰动幅度也越大,但两者之间并不存在线性关系;4)相同量的H₂在电离层峰值高度处释放,白天的电子密度扰动幅度要大于夜间的扰动幅度。  相似文献   

衡水市深层地下水水环境状况分析     

李秀莹 《地下水》2011,(6):29-30,91

衡水市水资源匮乏,深层地下水被广泛开采利用,占地下水开采总量的一半以上.由于采大于补,水位呈逐年下降趋势.水质以Ⅲ-Ⅳ类水为主,水质较好的区域主要集中在北部,以安平县为最好,主市区部分测井氟化物超标,全市水化学类型具有明显分区.水质无明显变化趋势,仅溶解性总固体自2007牟以来呈增高态势.  相似文献   

新西兰碧玉的宝石学特征     

蔡青  朱勤文 《岩石矿物学杂志》2011,30(Z1):95-100

以产自新西兰的碧玉样品作为研究对象,采用常规的宝石学测试、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、环境扫描电子显微镜、等离子体质谱仪、X射线粉晶衍射仪,对其表面微观形貌、矿物组成、化学成分特征进行了较全面的研究。研究表明,新西兰碧玉的显微结构致密程度不高,矿物结晶颗粒粗细不一,局部具有定向性,其主要的矿物组成为角闪石,内含黑色的铬铁矿杂质。将新西兰碧玉的化学成分特征与新疆一带所产的碧玉相比较,主量元素和微量元素的含量均有所差别。  相似文献   

南黄海中部泥质沉积区DLC70-3孔稀土元素及环境意义     

梅西  张训华  李日辉 《地质科技情报》2011,30(4):21-28

通过对南黄海中部泥质区北缘DLC70-3孔沉积物全岩组分的∑REE、分布模式和分异参数及其他地球化学相关指标的分析,讨论了沉积物物源以及ω(∑REE)变化的控制因素.分析结果表明DLC70-3孔沉积物稀土元素上陆壳标准化分布模式均为轻稀土元素适度富集缓右倾斜型、Eu呈负异常模式,与现代黄河沉积物的分布模式一致;[ω( ...  相似文献   

Determination of Precise and Accurate 51V/50V Isotope Ratios by MC‐ICP‐MS,Part 1: Chemical Separation of Vanadium and Mass Spectrometric Protocols     

Sune G. Nielsen  Julie Prytulak  Alex N. Halliday 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(3):293-306

We present the first technique to obtain precise and accurate vanadium (V) stable isotope compositions by chemical isolation and multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). Separation of V from matrix elements was achieved via five separate ion exchange columns. The procedure quantitatively removed Ti and Cr, which contain direct isobaric interferences on the minor isotope ⁵⁰V. Isotope compositions were determined using a conventional standard solution‐sample bracketing technique. The V isotope composition for an in‐house secondary standard solution from BDH Chemicals was δ⁵¹V = ?1.19 ± 0.12‰ (2s, n = 600), measured as the per mil deviation relative to the composition of a widely available Specpure Alfa Aesar (AA) vanadium solution. This represents an improvement in measurement precision on previous techniques of almost two orders of magnitude. The effects of adding Cr, Ti and S to standard solutions were explored to determine the robustness of protocols. Only very low levels of these elements could be tolerated to obtain precise and accurate isotope compositions and was achieved with the chemical purification procedure. Standard solutions from AA and BDH processed as unknowns through the entire chemical separation and measurement protocols returned 100% yields and the same isotopic compositions as those of unprocessed standard solutions.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal faunal assemblages and habitat characterisation at the Eiffel Tower edifice (Lucky Strike,Mid‐Atlantic Ridge)     

Daphne Cuvelier  Pierre‐Marie Sarradin  Jozée Sarrazin  Ana Colaço  Jon T. Copley  Daniel Desbruyères  Adrian G. Glover  Ricardo Serrão Santos  Paul A. Tyler 《Marine Ecology》2011,32(2):243-255

The Eiffel Tower edifice is situated in the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field at a mean depth of 1690 m on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR). At this 11‐m‐high hydrothermal structure, different faunal assemblages, varying in visibly dominant species (mussels and shrimp), in mussel size and in density of mussel coverage, were sampled biologically and chemically. Temperature and sulphide (∑S) were measured on the different types of mussel‐based assemblages and on a shrimp‐dominated assemblage. Temperature was used as a proxy for calculating total concentrations of CH₄. Based on the physico‐chemical measurements, two microhabitats were identified, corresponding to (i) a more variable habitat featuring the greatest fluctuations in environmental variables and (ii) a second, more stable, habitat. The highest temperature variability and the highest maximum recorded temperatures were found in the assemblages visibly inhabited by alvinocaridid shrimp and dense mussel beds of large Bathymodiolus azoricus, whereas the less variable habitats were inhabited by smaller‐sized mussels with increasing bare surface in between. Larger mussels appeared to consume more ∑S compared with smaller‐sized (<1 cm) individuals and thus had a greater influence on the local chemistry. In addition, the mussel size was shown to be significantly positively correlated to temperature and negatively to the richness of the associated macrofauna. The presence of microbial mats was not linked to specific environmental conditions, but had a negative effect on the presence and abundance of macro‐fauna, notably gastropods. Whereas some taxa or species are found in only one of the two microhabitats, others, such as polychaetes and Mirocaris shrimp, cross the different microhabitats. Temperature was proposed to be a more limiting factor in species distribution than ∑S.  相似文献   

Use of artificial neural networks to identify the origin of green macroalgae     

Rados?aw ?bikowski 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,94(2):138-143

This study demonstrates application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for identifying the origin of green macroalgae (Enteromorpha sp. and Cladophora sp.) according to their concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Pb, Na, Ca, K and Mg. Earlier studies confirmed that algae can be used for biomonitoring surveys of metal contaminants in coastal areas of the Southern Baltic. The same data sets were classified with the use of different structures of radial basis function (RBF) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks. The selected networks were able to classify the samples according to their geographical origin, i.e. Southern Baltic, Gulf of Gdańsk and Vistula Lagoon. Additionally in the case of macroalgae from the Gulf of Gdańsk, the networks enabled the discrimination of samples according to areas of contrasting levels of pollution. Hence this study shows that artificial neural networks can be a valuable tool in biomonitoring studies.  相似文献   

不同更新方式对中亚热带森林土壤理化性质的影响     

邓旺灶 《福建地理》2011,(3):18-23

森林的不同更新方式对森林土壤理化性质有重要影响．本研究通过野外调查探讨中亚热带山区杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林2种不同更新方式下林地土壤理化性质的变化特征,并用土壤退化指数定量描述土壤质量变化．结果表明：杉木人工林土壤表层（0—10cm）容重显著高于米槠人促更新林（P〈0．05）;随土壤深度的增加,杉木人工林和米槠人促更新林土壤有机C、全N、全P、水解N和有效P均逐渐降低．米槠人促更新林表层（0—10cm）土壤有机c比杉木人工林高出15．6％,全N、全P以及水解N和速效P也均表现出人促米槠更新林高于杉木人工林的趋势;土壤退化指数的计算结果表明杉木林土壤质量显著低于米槠人促更新林．  相似文献