MCS-based probabilistic design of embedded sheet pile walls     

《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2013,7(3):151-162

A probabilistic approach to the design of embedded sheet pile walls is developed in this paper. The approach is based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and it is used to investigate the performance of the partial factors and different design approaches in Eurocode 7 in achieving the target degrees of reliability. The approach is illustrated through an embedded sheet pile wall design example that has been used in literature for the evaluation of Eurocode 7. The approach deals rationally with the correlated load and resistance, and it bypasses a difficult but frequently asked question in Eurocode 7 (i.e. should the passive earth pressure be considered as a load (i.e. action) or a resistance?). The probabilistic design approach (DA) is also used to explore the effects of the soil unit weight variability and uncertainties in over-digging depth and wall friction. The effects of uncertainties in over-digging depth and wall friction are found to be significant. It is also found that, although the soil unit weight variability is generally minor, its effect on the design of embedded sheet pile walls is significant and should be properly accounted for in the design. The MCS-based probabilistic DA proposed in this study provides a straightforward way for proper consideration of such variability with relative ease.  相似文献   

Reliability of shallow foundations designed against bearing failure using LRFD     

《Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards》2013,7(4):202-215

Worldwide, there is growing interest in the development of a rational reliability-based geotechnical design code. The reasons for this interest are at least two-fold; first, geotechnical engineers face significantly more uncertainties than those faced in other fields of engineering, therefore there is a need to properly characterize and deal with these uncertainties. Second, for decades, structural engineers have used a reliability-based design code, and there is a need to develop the same for geotechnical engineers, in order that the two groups can ‘speak the same language’. This paper develops a theoretical model to predict the probability that a shallow foundation will exceed its supporting soil's bearing capacity. The footing is designed using characteristic soil properties (cohesion and friction angle) derived from a single sample, or ‘core’, taken in the vicinity of the footing, and used in a load and resistance factor design approach. The theory predicting failure probability is validated using a two-dimensional random finite element method analysis of a strip footing. Agreement between theory and simulation is found to be very good. Therefore, the theory can be used with confidence to perform risk assessments of foundation designs and develop resistance factors for use in code provisions.  相似文献   

The tethyan oceanic gates : A tectonic approach to major sedimentary changes within Tethys     

Luc-Emmanuel Ricou 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4-5):225-232

Abstract

— Accepting that the opening or closure of seaways has consequences on the oceanic circulation which in turn influences sedimentation, major changes in Tethyan geometry are checked against major changes in sedimentation. Time relationships can be demonstrated between the two group of phenomena and causal links are discussed. As the causes for major sedimentary changes are numerous and their respective roles controversial, it is speculated if the observed change in geometry could have had a positive effect on the associated change in sediments.

Ever since the birth of the Mesozoic Tethys which formed from the break-up of Pangea till its death through multiple collisions, this ocean played a major role in the world ocean circulation, being the sub-equatorial seaway which permitted a circumterrestrial circulation at low latitudes. Five successive steps, separated by four major changes, are recognized : i) during the Trias and the Jurassic, the young Tethys was a triangular cul-de-sac expanding westward through distensive tectonics and subsidence, and influenced along its southern margin by a westward current and associated upwelling; radiolarites take a growing part in its sedimentation; ii) during the Tithonian, radiolarites were abruptly replaced by pelagic limestones (Majolica) in many places and the corresponding CCD drop is tentatively correlated with the full opening of the Tethyan seaway which reached the Pacific Ocean through the Caribbean and with the corresponding reorganization of currents; iii) during the Early Cretaceous, Apulia began its collision with the precursor elements of the European margin, thus hindering deep water exchange; this pre collision favoured the mid Cretaceous anoxia with affected sedimentation in numerous basins; iv) during the Late Cretaceous, repeated distension and subsidence (since the Aptian) between Apulia and Africa gave a growing importance to the south Apulian seaway; this new opportunity of water exchange favoured the end of anoxia and the deposition of new pelagic limestones (scaglia); as a matter of fact, the location of the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene phosphorites testify to a well-established westward current along this south-Apulian seaway; v) the late Eocene to Oligocene general collision was responsable for the death of this current and the corresponding breakdown of the Tethyan seaway into independent groups of basins.  相似文献   

中条山落家河铜矿流体包裹体初步研究     

姜玉航  罗勇  牛贺才  郭双龙  李宁波 《岩石学报》2013,29(7):2583-2592

落家河铜矿位于中条裂谷东南部的构造-剥蚀天窗内,矿体赋存于中元古界西阳河群安山岩覆盖区下部的宋家山组沉积-火山变质岩系中.本文重点研究了不同空间位置与矿体共生的石英脉中的流体包裹体,以探讨落家河铜矿的成矿流体特征和成矿机制.系统的包裹体岩相学观察表明,落家河铜矿床流体包裹体类型按相态主要分为纯气相包裹体(Ⅰ型)、纯液相包裹体(Ⅱ型)、富气相的气液两相包裹体(Ⅲ型)、富液相的气液两相包裹体(Ⅳ型)和含子矿物多相包裹体(Ⅴ型)五种类型.矿体上部石英脉中主要为Ⅱ型和Ⅳ型包裹体,矿体下部石英脉中主要为Ⅴ型和Ⅰ型包裹体,且两种包裹体紧密共存,体现了沸腾包裹体组合的特征.显微测温结果显示,原生的富液相气液两相包裹体(Ⅳa型)具有CaCl2-NaCl-H2O体系(Ⅳa1型)和NaCl-H2O体系(Ⅳa2型)两种流体体系,其均一温度分别为100～208℃和151 ～ 306℃,盐度为10.2％～20.4％ NaCleqv 和3.4％ ～ 15.1％ NaCleqv,分别对应矿体上部和下部石英脉,显示出热卤水和岩浆热液两种不同的流体来源.Ⅴ型包裹体的均一温度为175～300℃,盐度达30.7％～ 38.2％ NaCleqv.研究结果显示,热卤水和岩浆热液的流体作用机制有所不同,前者是古海水在花岗岩侵入体的驱动下形成对流循环并从火山岩中萃取金属元素形成的含矿热卤水.热卤水在沿断裂通道上升过程中由于降温、减压使成矿物质沉淀;后者主要是从岩浆中分离出的中温中盐度流体,它在到达断裂通道时由于压力骤降发生流体沸腾作用,并产生矿质沉淀.激光拉曼探针分析显示,流体包裹体气相成分主要是水,含有少量CO2.结合矿床形成的构造背景、热液通道、驱动机制和成矿流体特征,作者认为落家河铜矿可能是一个前寒武纪海相火山成因块状硫化物矿床.  相似文献   

2017年夏季海洋天气评述          下载免费PDF全文

王海平  王慧  杨正龙  尹尽勇  高栓柱 《山东气象》2017,37(4):75-84

2017年夏季（6—8月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡仍呈单极型位于北极上空,但强度较春季明显减弱。6月,我国近海北部有弱冷空气活动。7—8月,中高纬度槽脊活动进一步减弱,副热带高压西伸北抬,热带气旋活动频繁。我国近海海域主要有15次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋大风过程有8次,入海温带气旋过程有5次,强对流导致雷暴大风过程2次。有11次范围较大的2 m以上的大浪过程。仅出现1次范围较大的海雾过程。西北太平洋和南海共生成15个台风,其他各大洋共有热带气旋18个,分别为：大西洋7个、东太平洋11个。海表温度整体呈上升趋势。  相似文献   

我国南方初夏汛期和东亚夏季风环流   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：12  

黄士松  汤明敏 《热带气象学报》1995,11(3):203-213

主要根据低层夏季风热力学性质与流场演变特点深入讨论我国南方初夏汛期包括华南前汛期和长江中下游梅雨期同夏季风活动的联系，分析了东亚夏季风环流建立过程的阶段性和类型，指出汛期的开始与结束同夏季风前沿位置变动一致。我国夏季风从开始到发展鼎盛时期低纬大气环流的演变过程各年不完全相同，主要可归纳为４类，每类包括４个或３个不同阶段，从而可认识到东亚夏季风体系结构的非单一性，它可有４种结构模型，即仅是东南季风Ｐ的单气流型、强东南季风Ｐ与弱西南季风Ａ的双气流型、强东南季风Ｐ和弱西南季风Ｍ的双气流型、强东南季风Ｐ和强（或弱）西南季风Ｍ以及弱西南季风Ａ的３气流型。  相似文献   

1991～2004年不同环流背景下南宁市降水化学成分变化特征的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

郑凤琴  孙崇智  谢宏斌 《热带气象学报》2007,23(6):664-668

利用1991～2004年广西南宁市降水化学成分资料，结合NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了不同大气环流背景下南宁市降水化学成分的变化特征。结果表明，南宁市的酸雨属硫酸型，酸雨的形成与大气环流密切相关，影响南宁市酸雨的大气环流主要是高空槽锋面，其次是高压后部和热带气旋，受高空槽锋面特别是东路冷空气影响时，出现酸雨的频率最高，pH值最小，雨水中SO4^2-明显增多，热带气旋降水时，雨水酸度最轻，离子浓度甚至比高空槽锋面影响低2～3倍。  相似文献   

Steady-state frictional geostrophic circulation in a one-layer ocean model with thermodynamics     

R. B. Scott  A. J. Willmott   《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2002,35(4):389

The governing equations are developed for a steady-state frictional geostrophic inhomogeneous 1.5-layer ocean model, with horizontal velocity field that is linearly sheared in the vertical coordinate. We show that in the adiabatic, thermally non-diffusive limit there are an infinite number of solutions for the temperature and depth fields of the subtropical gyre even with the constraint of identical mass within each temperature range. In the non-adiabatic case, a unique subtropical gyre solution exists that can exhibit a temperature front, containing an unbounded meridional gradient, in the northwest corner of the solution domain. The role of mixing of enthalpy in the western boundary layer (WBL) region was investigated by comparing the two extreme cases of no mixing and complete mixing of enthalpy in this region. Also investigated was the dependence of the meridional heat transport on the air–sea heat exchange coefficient, κ. The temperature field was found to be strongly influenced by mixing. However, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the heat transport is similar in the model with and without mixing. The heat transport attains a single local maximum at κ=κ_c, that lies within values that are oceanographically relevant.  相似文献   

新疆夏季降水异常与100hPa南亚高压月平均环流特征的相关分析     

刘惠云 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2001,24(3):9-11

利用1979-1995年6-8月逐月的100hPa平均高度场资料及相对应的降水资料，对新疆夏季降水异常月的南亚高压的环流特征进行了较为系统的分析，分别总结出了南疆和北疆降水偏多月及降水偏少月时南亚高压环流特征不同的8种类型。  相似文献   

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING ACTIVE PERIOD OF 500 hPa HIGH OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER^*          下载免费PDF全文

Duan Tingyang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1994,8(1):72-78

In correspondence with the establishment of the "upper high and lower high" pressure pattern due to the activities of 500 hPa high over the Tibetan Plateau in summer,a series of changes of the East Asia atmospheric circulation will take place.In this paper,the distributions of divergence and vertical velocity of 500 hPa high,the evolutions of atmospheric heat source,the variations of vorticity and zonal wind at 100 hPa level and vertical meridional cell over the Tibetan Plateau etc.are statistically analyzed.Thus,we can see that the ascending motion and the convective heating over the Tibetan Plateau,the South Asia high and the westerly jet on the north of the Plateau at 100 hPa level are weakned.The northern branch and the southern branch of the easterly jet on the south of the Plateau merge into a single whole and situate on the south of the former northern branch.In the meantime,thermodynamic land-sea discrepancy in South Asia and the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal is enhanced.It will play an important role in the maintenance of the easterly jet and the South Asia monsoon.  相似文献