The occurrence and ecological risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants,and in natural seawater from a marine reserve of Hong Kong   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Elvis G.B. Xu  Shan Liu  Guang-Guo Ying  Gene J.S. Zheng  Joseph H.W. Lee  Kenneth M.Y. Leung 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

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Re-Examination of the Oil and Gas Origins in the Kekeya Gas Condensate Field, Northwest China–A Case Study of Hydrocarbon-Source Correlation Using Sophisticated Geochemical Methods     

GONG Deyu  WANG Zhaoyun  LIU Gang  CHEN Gang  FANG Chenchen  XIAO Zhongyao 《《地质学报》英文版》2017,91(1):186-203

This work discussed the origins, alteration and accumulation processes of the oil and gas in the Kekeya gas condensate field based on molecular compositions, stable carbon isotopes, light hydrocarbons, diamondoid hydrocarbons and biomarker fingerprints. A comparison study is also made between the geochemical characteristics of the Kekeya hydrocarbons and typical marine and terrigenous hydrocarbons of the Tarim Basin. Natural gas from the Kekeya gas condensate field is derived from Middle–Lower Jurassic coal measures while the condensates are derived from Carboniferous–Permian marine source rocks with a higher maturity. In the study area, both natural gas and condensates have experienced severe water washing. A large amount of methane was dissolved into the water, resulting in a decrease in the dryness coefficient. Water washing also makes the carbon isotopic compositions of the natural gas more negative and partially reverse. Considering that the gas maturities are higher than once expected, gas generation intensity in the study area should be much stronger and the gas related to the Jurassic coal measures could promise a greater prospecting potential. As a result of evaporative fractionation, the Kekeya condensates are enriched in saturates and lack aromatics. Evaporative fractionation disguises the original terrigenous characteristics of the light hydrocarbons associated with the natural gas, making it appear marinesourced. Thus, alteration processes should be fully taken into consideration when gas–source correlations are carried out based on light hydrocarbons. With the condensates discovered in the study area all being "migration phase", the pre-salt Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs may promise great exploration potential for the "residual phase" hydrocarbons. This research not only is of significance for oil and gas exploration in the southwest Tarim Basin, but also sheds light on the oil/gas-source correlations in general.  相似文献   

Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

Gray JS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):46-52

Biomagnification is the process where xenobiotic substances are transferred from food to an organism resulting in higher concentrations compared with the source. It is widely believed that this is a general phenomenon for marine food webs. An analysis of 148 papers with biomagnification in the title shows that under half show biomagnification. Of studies on metals only organic mercury shows biomagnification and most metals are regulated and excreted and do not biomagnify. Of the studies on organic compounds 67% claimed to show biomagnification. However, bioconcentration (uptake from the surrounding water) is the most usual way that organic compounds are accumulated in organisms from invertebrates to and including fish. Only in sea-birds and marine mammals is food intake the major route and where biomagnification can be clearly shown. Body concentrations of organic compounds vary with lipid content and thus in order to compare across species normalisation to uniform lipid content should be done. Yet often this is not done so data purporting to show biomagnification merely relate to differing lipid content in the different species studied. Finally suggestions are made as to how data can be collected to better interpret the process of biomagnification in marine food webs.  相似文献   

Organochlorine compounds in tissues of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from Mediterranean Sea and Azores islands     

Stefanelli P  Ausili A  Di Muccio A  Fossi C  Di Muccio S  Rossi S  Colasanti A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(11-12):938-950

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The Italian Ministry of Environment has undertaken a program (1999-2001) to measure levels of contaminants in top marine predators and to develop sensitive biomarkers for the evaluation of toxicological risk in these species. In 1999, 15 swordfishes (Xiphias gladius) taken from the Mediterranean Sea along the Sicilian coast (Strait of Messina, Italy) and in the Atlantic Ocean along the Azores Islands, and analysed for 34 congeners of PCBs and 27 organochlorine (OC) pesticides in gonad, muscle, liver and blubber tissues. In the tissues of Mediterranean swordfishes the sum of the determined PCBs congeners ranged from 4.61 to 4651.17 ng g(-1) on fresh tissue basis. Among organochlorine pesticides DDE, DDT and DDD (TDE) predominated with an overall range of 2.37-4734.56 ng(-1) w.w. In particular p,p'-DDE had concentrations appearing up to 3900 ng(-1), with the highest values found in fatty tissues, such as blubber. In the liver of Azores Island swordfishes lower levels of summation PCBs (8.43-294.17 ng/g w.w.) and summation DDTs (<0.01-217.44 ng/g w.w.) were determined.  相似文献   

Syngas production from South African coal sources using Sasol–Lurgi gasifiers     

J.C. van Dyk  M.J. Keyser  M. Coertzen 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2006,65(3-4):243-253

Sasol has been operating the Sasol–Lurgi fixed bed coal gasification process for more than fifty years, and with ninety seven units in operation still remains the world's largest commercial application of this technology. The combined operational and engineering expertise vested in Sasol represents a formidable capability in the field of coal and gasification science. Coal is a crucial feedstock for South Africa's unique synfuels and petrochemicals industry, and is used by Sasol as a feedstock to produce synthesis gas (CO and H₂) via the Sasol–Lurgi fixed bed dry bottom gasification process.South Africa, as well as many other countries in the world, will for many years to come rely on its abundant coal resources for energy and specifically for the production of petrochemical products. Synthesis gas production through gasification is growing at a rate of approximately 10% per annum [Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Gasification Technologies Council, 2000. Gasification: Worldwide use and acceptance. Contract DE-AMO1-98FE65271], indicating that gasification is definitely not a dying technology. The Sasol plants located in Secunda and Sasolburg (South Africa) gasify > 30 million tons per annum of bituminous coal to synthesis gas, which is converted to fuels and chemicals via the Fischer–Tropsch process. The production of chemicals is currently the dominant application for synthesis gas, followed by power generation, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and gaseous fuels.Sasol–Lurgi gasifiers are extremely robust devices, and coal from sources with widely varying properties (e.g. ash content < 10% to as high as 35% or “brown coal” with moisture content of approximately 30%) can be gasified provided that certain operational changes are implemented. Other properties, like high caking propensity for example, require blending to acceptable levels and /or mechanical modifications. Interpretation of coal characterization data gives an indication of expected gasifier performance and the suitability of a specific coal source for Sasol–Lurgi Fixed Bed Gasification process. It is therefore critically important to gain an accurate and fundamental understanding of the properties and expected behavior of the targeted coal feedstock in order to (1) prepare a suitable conceptual flow scheme and (2) to maximize the eventual probability of success in any proposed gasification venture and (3) to optimize the operation and profitability of existing plants and (4) effectively address the environmental aspects.It is the view of the authors that fixed bed gasification technology has a bright future in the areas mentioned above and that Sasol has a unique role in the future application and commercialization of gasification technology globally. The unique skills of Sasol could however be complementary to those of other parties who share our view on the future of gasification and related technologies.  相似文献   

海上危化品漂移扩散过程三维动态可视化方法          下载免费PDF全文

占俊达  李亿红  吴森森  曹盛文  汪愿愿  张丰  杜震洪 《海洋学研究》2022,40(4):65-72

全球化工产业的发展导致海上危化品泄漏事故频发,严重影响了海洋生态环境,如何开展快速、有效的应急响应已成为迫切需求。对泄漏危化品未来漂移扩散情况进行预测与可视化呈现是应急过程的一个重要环节,目前针对污染扩散可视化的相关研究在场景构建、渲染效率、可扩展性、交互控制等方面仍存在不足。该文提出了一种基于Unity3D引擎及其粒子系统的海上危化品漂移扩散过程三维动态可视化方法,在海洋周边三维场景构建和模型数据优化处理的基础上,通过粒子的动态更新实现了危化品扩散过程的可视化,并提供了针对场景漫游和扩散过程控制的交互接口。以杭州湾海域为例的模拟实验结果表明该方法的性能和效果满足实际应用需求,能够为海上危化品泄漏突发事故应急提供信息参考与辅助决策支持。  相似文献   

Utilization and Exploitation of Lithium Resources in Salt Lakes and Suggestions for Development of Li Industries of China     

SONG Pengsheng  XIANG Renjie 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z1):371-371

正1 Introduction Lithium and its compounds as a joint of rising industries new energy sources,new materials,and information technique have become more and more important recent years.Especially lithium ion batteries with bigger or smaller  相似文献