腾冲全新世未来火山喷发灾害损失预测初探     

姜朝松  王锡财  非明伦  施伟华 《地震研究》2000,23(2):249-261

介绍腾冲全新世火山喷发灾害损失静态预测的方法、喷发灾害等级、预测范围划分、各类地面财富、火山喷发、经济损失及人员伤亡预测。地面财富包括房屋建筑、工矿企业、水库、电站、公路、桥梁、森林等 ,给出了预测结果  相似文献   

强夯法加固湿陷性黄土的微观研究     

王梅  白晓红 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z2):810-814

黄土的湿陷性对于建筑的安全具有极大的危害性,而强夯法可以有效地消除黄土的湿陷性。通过对强夯前后湿陷性黄土的物理力学性质及微观结构进行对比分析,强夯效果沿深度可分为三段,从3 m至8 m为强夯效果最佳段。强夯使土体中孔径大于20 μm的孔隙含量减少,小于5 μm的孔隙含量增加,土体的致密程度提高。  相似文献   

新疆近20a风灾研究   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  

王秋香  李红军 《中国沙漠》2003,23(5):545-548

风灾是新疆的主要气象灾害之一。新疆风灾每年平均造成24亿元的经济损失。依据大风对农牧业所造成的灾害事件的损失,对风灾时空变化进行评估,其重要意义在于给出了描述大风灾害损失等级划分的量化标准。研究得出:新疆风灾可比损失值随着工农业生产总值的增长而增加,而且增长速度比经济增长速度快;阿克苏、喀什风灾次数较多,强度最大,巴州重大风灾受灾次数最多,是风灾防范和灾后救助的重点地区,和田、吐鲁番因次数较多,强度较大,哈密强度较大,是风灾防范和灾后救助的次重点地区;风灾在作物生长和收获的季节4、5、6、8月份危害最大;建议增加防治风灾投入,改善生态环境,加快退耕还林、退耕还草进程,把阿克苏、喀什、巴州等作为风灾重点防范区,和田、吐鲁番、哈密作为风灾防范和灾后救助的次重点地区,4、5、6、8月份作为重点防范季节。  相似文献   

影响大吨位预应力长锚索锚固力损失的因素分析   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：19  

张发明  刘宁  陈祖煜  赵维炳 《岩土力学》2003,24(2):194-197

通过对水利水电工程岩体加固中常采用的大吨位预应力长锚索锚固力变化规律的分析,详细讨论了影响预应力锚索锚固力变化的钢材松弛、岩体强度与性质、施工质量、锚索结构与环境变化等因素,得出了不同影响因素对预应力长锚索锚固过程中锚固力损失的影响效应。观察表明,引起锚索锚固力损失的最主要因素是岩体的变形与施工质量。根据岩锚实测资料的统计分析,进一步提出了各影响因素与锚固力损失间相应的经验关系,最后,提出了控制锚固力损失的工程措施,可供相关锚索设计与施工时的参考。  相似文献   

增(减)湿时黄土的湿陷系数曲线特征   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

张茂花  谢永利  刘保健 《岩土力学》2005,26(9):1363-1368

分别采用单线法和双线法对原状 黄土进行了增、减湿情况下的单轴压缩试验。根据试验结果,总结出了黄土的湿陷变形随饱和度及压力变化的规律,分析了湿陷性黄土在增（减）湿过程中的湿陷变形性状及不同应力路径对黄土湿陷变形特性的影响,指出湿陷系数曲线因为试验方法的不同而表现出不同的规律性：初始含水量较低时,单线法的湿陷性大于双线法;当初始含水量达到某个值时,两者的湿陷系数曲线出现交叉现象;当初始含水量超过该值后,单线法的湿陷性小于双线法;这种交叉现象是由黄土本身的特殊结构性所决定的。最后对湿陷系数与初始含水量的关系进行了探讨。  相似文献   

Factors affecting channel infiltration of floodwaters in Nahal Zin basin,Negev desert,Israel          下载免费PDF全文

Uri Schwartz 《水文研究》2016,30(20):3704-3716

Although floods in arid environments have been documented, considerable uncertainties still exist as to the floodwater and in‐channel infiltration relationships. In desert alluvial channels, the prime cause of flood discharge attenuation is water loss by infiltration into the alluvium. The present study documents flows in Nahal Zin, Israel, their infiltration into the channel bed, and the resultant change in the alluvium moisture content. The study uses a systematic combination of two experimental scales, the cross‐section scale and the reach scale. Direct measurements of moisture distribution in the active channel during floods were made using time domain reflectometry. Twelve flow events were recorded. Flow patterns and their respective alluvium moisture content were analysed. A trench was dug in the alluvium for the study of alluvium properties and time domain reflectometry sensor installation. The alluvium was characterized in terms of size distribution and sediment stratigraphy, structure, and composition. Two main alluvial structures (closed and open) affected the advance of the wetting front and water losses. Alluvial units with an open structure (clast‐supported) reached their maximum moisture content faster than closed structure units (matrix‐supported). Small‐sized particles and matrix‐supported layers reduced infiltration rate. The measured velocities of the wetting front were 0.33 and 2.88 m h^?1 for small and large floods respectively. The wetting front moved downward. Lateral movement was negligible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Debris flows risk analysis and direct loss estimation: the case study of Valtellina di Tirano,Italy   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jan BLAHUT  Thomas GLADE  Simone STERLACCHINI 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):288-307

andslide risk analysis is one of the primary studies providing essential instructions to the subsequent risk management process. The quantification of tangible and intangible potential losses is a critical step because it provides essential data upon which judgments can be made and policy can be formulated. This study aims at quantifying direct economic losses from debris flows at a medium scale in the study area in Italian Central Alps. Available hazard maps were the main inputs of this study. These maps were overlaid with information concerning elements at risk and their economic value. Then, a combination of both market and construction values was used to obtain estimates of future economic losses. As a result, two direct economic risk maps were prepared together with risk curves, useful to summarize expected monetary damage against the respective hazard probability. Afterwards, a qualitative risk map derived using a risk matrix officially provided by the set of laws issued by the regional government, was prepared. The results delimit areas of high economic as well as strategic importance which might be affected by debris flows in the future. Aside from limitations and inaccuracies inherently included in risk analysis process, identification of high risk areas allows local authorities to focus their attention on the “hot-spots”, where important consequences may arise and local （large） scale analysis needs to be performed with more precise cost-effectiveness ratio. The risk maps can be also used by the local authorities to increase population’s adaptive capacity in the disaster prevention process.  相似文献   

基于DRAINMOD的农田地表径流氮素流失动态模拟   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

洪林  罗文兵 《水科学进展》2011,22(5):703-709

为了解水旱农田地表径流氮素流失机理及过程,于2008年6～9月在湖北省漳河灌区开展了田间试验,并利用DRAINMOD模型对其进行模拟。研究结果表明:水田地表径流铵态氮和硝态氮的流失率均高于旱地,水田地表径流以铵态氮为主,而旱地以硝态氮为主。水旱农田地表径流氮素流失模拟值与实测值都非常接近,水田地表径流硝态氮和铵态氮模拟的相对误差分别为8.35%和10.99%,旱地分别为5.45%和14.11%;水田硝态氮和铵态氮模拟的效率系数分别为0.961和0.974,旱地的分别为0.993和0.938,效果都很好。因此,利用DRAINMOD模型进行该地区农田氮素流失动态模拟是可行而有效的。  相似文献   

Recharge of aquifers by flood events in an arid region     

Isabella Shentsis  Eliyahu Rosenthal 《水文研究》2003,17(4):695-712

The process of aquifer recharge by flood events in an arid region was investigated as applied to the Hazeva Formation (the Karkom graben, the Wadi Paran watershed, Israel). The hydrological model was established as a complex system, with due regard for groundwater and transmission losses of surface runoff. It was based on a previously outlined hydrogeological model of the Karkom graben and a model of transmission losses in arid watercourses under conditions of data deficiency. Proceeding from calculation of groundwater balances, the contribution of surface runoff as a decisive balance component was confirmed. The main characteristics of aquifer regimes, such as changes in storage volume and groundwater level, as well as lateral flow, were all found to be dependent upon the net extraction rate, i.e. pumpage discounting replenishment by flood events. Analysis and physical interpretation of model parameters enabled assessment of the influence of groundwater extraction on aquifer recharge. This became apparent as increasing absorption capacity and recharge availability of the aquifer as a result of the groundwater abstraction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

关于黄土湿陷性评价和剩余湿陷量的新认识   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

姚志华  黄雪峰  陈正汉 《岩土力学》2014,35(4):998-1006

在总结诸多大型浸水现场试验成果的基础上,提出了一些关于湿陷性评价方法和剩余湿陷量合理控制等问题的新认识,目的是为了修正自重湿陷性黄土场地的自重湿陷量计算值与其实测值之间的差异,并减小地基处理深度。在获取自重湿陷量的计算值时,引进了一个深度修正系数?,使自重湿陷量和湿陷量的计算值接近实测值,这在一定程度上降低了较深部位黄土的剩余湿陷量。在获取湿陷量计算值时,提出了扩大湿陷系数阈值(0.015)的方案,并与深度修正系数?联合使用,达到了扩大湿陷量的计算值和降低较深土层的剩余湿陷量的目的。提出了大厚度自重湿陷性黄土场地的湿陷临界深度的概念,通过若干资料将其初步确定为20²5 m之间,结合深度修正系数和扩大湿陷系数阈值方法,使用湿陷临界深度概念,可以更为有效地降低较深土层的剩余湿陷量。新的研究思路可为自重湿陷性黄土场地的类似工程和黄土规范的修订提供一定的参考。  相似文献