Capturing the fugitive: Applying remote sensing to terrestrial animal distribution and diversity     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2007,9(1):1-20

Amongst many ongoing initiatives to preserve biodiversity, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment again shows the importance to slow down the loss of biological diversity. However, there is still a gap in the overview of global patterns of species distributions. This paper reviews how remote sensing has been used to assess terrestrial faunal diversity, with emphasis on proxies and methodologies, while exploring prospective challenges for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. We grouped and discussed papers dealing with the faunal taxa mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates into five classes of surrogates of animal diversity: (1) habitat suitability, (2) photosynthetic productivity, (3) multi-temporal patterns, (4) structural properties of habitat, and (5) forage quality. It is concluded that the most promising approach for the assessment, monitoring, prediction, and conservation of faunal diversity appears to be the synergy of remote sensing products and auxiliary data with ecological biodiversity models, and a subsequent validation of the results using traditional observation techniques.  相似文献   

High‐resolution interpretative geomorphological mapping of river valley environments using airborne LiDAR data     

Anna F. Jones  Paul A. Brewer  Eric Johnstone  Mark G. Macklin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(10):1574-1592

The availability of airborne LiDAR data provides a new opportunity to overcome some of the problems associated with traditional, field‐based, geomorphological mapping such as restrictions on access and constraints of time or cost. The combination of airborne LiDAR data and GIS technology facilitates the rapid production of geomorphological maps of floodplain environments; however, unfiltered LiDAR data, which include vegetation and buildings, are currently more suitable for geomorphological mapping than data that have been filtered to remove these features. Classification of LiDAR data according to elevation in a GIS enables the user to identify and delineate geomorphological features in a manner similar to field mapping, but it is necessary to use a range of classification intervals in order to map the various types of feature that occur within a single reach. Comparison of a LiDAR‐derived geomorphological map with an independently produced field geomorphological map showed a high degree of similarity between the results of the two methods, although ground‐truthing is essential in cases where a high degree of accuracy is required. Ground‐truthing of a LiDAR‐derived geomorphological map showed that around 80% of features mapped using both methods were identified from the LiDAR data, suggesting that the method is suitable for applications such as production of base maps for use in field mapping and selection of sites for detailed investigation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Surfer自动控制技术在气象资料自动成图中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张铁军  王锡稳  张鸿  刘新伟 《干旱气象》2007,25(2):90-94

Surfer软件具有较完美的数据处理和显示功能,文中介绍了Surfer的主要功能、Active自动化技术及其与VB应用程序的接口,并利用该接口技术将VB的强大软件开发能力和Surfer强大的绘图功能相结合,给出了实现该接口技术的关键代码以及绘制成果图件的实例。  相似文献   

Spatial correlation of shear-wave velocity in the San Francisco Bay Area sediments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eric M. Thompson  Laurie G. Baise  Robert E. Kayen 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2007,27(2):144-152

Ground motions recorded within sedimentary basins are variable over short distances. One important cause of the variability is that local soil properties are variable at all scales. Regional hazard maps developed for predicting site effects are generally derived from maps of surficial geology; however, recent studies have shown that mapped geologic units do not correlate well with the average shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m, V_s(30). We model the horizontal variability of near-surface soil shear-wave velocity in the San Francisco Bay Area to estimate values in unsampled locations in order to account for site effects in a continuous manner. Previous geostatistical studies of soil properties have shown horizontal correlations at the scale of meters to tens of meters while the vertical correlations are on the order of centimeters. In this paper we analyze shear-wave velocity data over regional distances and find that surface shear-wave velocity is correlated at horizontal distances up to 4 km based on data from seismic cone penetration tests and the spectral analysis of surface waves. We propose a method to map site effects by using geostatistical methods based on the shear-wave velocity correlation structure within a sedimentary basin. If used in conjunction with densely spaced shear-wave velocity profiles in regions of high seismic risk, geostatistical methods can produce reliable continuous maps of site effects.  相似文献   

Volcaniclastic debris-flow occurrences in the Campania region (Southern Italy) and their relation to Holocene–Late Pleistocene pyroclastic fall deposits: implications for large-scale hazard mapping     

M. Bisson  M. T. Pareschi  G. Zanchetta  R. Sulpizio  R. Santacroce 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,70(2):157-167

The Campania Region (southern Italy) is characterized by the frequent occurrence of volcaniclastic debris flows that damage property and loss of life (more than 170 deaths between 1996 and 1999). Historical investigation allowed the identification of more than 500 events during the last four centuries; in particular, more than half of these occurred in the last 100 years, causing hundreds of deaths. The aim of this paper is to quantify debris-flow hazard potential in the Campania Region. To this end, we compared several elements such as the thickness distribution of pyroclastic fall deposits from the last 18 ka of the Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields volcanoes, the slopes of relieves, and the historical record of volcaniclastic debris flows from A.D. 1500 to the present. Results show that flow occurrence is not only a function of the cumulative thickness of past pyroclastic fall deposits but also depends on the age of emplacement. Deposits younger than 10 ka (Holocene eruptions) apparently increase the risk of debris flows, while those older than 10 ka (Late Pleistocene eruptions) seem to play a less prominent role, which is probably due to different climatic conditions, and therefore different rates of erosion of pyroclastic falls between the Holocene and the Late Pleistocene. Based on the above considerations, we compiled a large-scale debris-flow hazard map of the study area in which five main hazard zones are identified: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high.  相似文献   

DMC数字航摄在大比例尺地形图成图中的应用     

王辛之  杨林德  江王记 《地理空间信息》2007,5(3):5-7

数字航空摄影具有从测量到成图的全过程数字化的优点。结合1∶2000地形图DMC全数字摄影测量项目对面阵CCD航摄像机用于大比例尺航测成图的基本要求进行了分析研究,提出数字像机的几何标定、数字摄影的质量检验和生产作业规范制订的必要性。  相似文献   

基于MODIS的鄱阳湖区水体水灾遥感影像图制作   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

丁莉东  余文华  覃志豪  吴昊 《国土资源遥感》2007,18(1):82-85

 提出了利用空间分辨率为250 m的MODIS影像第1、2波段数据制作水体遥感影像图、水体变化遥感影像图和水灾遥感影像图的方法。对鄱阳湖区的遥感影像图制作实例表明，该方法不仅具有快速、简便和易于操作等优点，还能有效保留MODIS的空间分辨率，较清晰地识别水体和洪水，可用于水灾的遥感动态监测与制图。  相似文献   

移动道路测量系统在城市导航数据快速更新中的应用     

于庆国  刘亚东  马旭 《测绘与空间地理信息》2007,30(2):64-68

随着科技发展,道路导航产业正在蓬勃发展,而导航的基础数据采集和更新正是制约导航产业的瓶颈,本文通过移动道路测量系统采集导航数据并对其检测,探讨移动道路测量系统在导航数据获取和更新中的应用,并对移动道路测量系统在导航产业中的前景进行展望。  相似文献   

Implicit numerical integration for a kinematic hardening soil plasticity model     

M. Rouainia  D. Muir Wood 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2001,25(13):1305-1325

Soil models based on kinematic hardening together with elements of bounding surface plasticity, provide a means of introducing some memory of recent history and stiffness variation in the predicted response of soils. Such models provide an improvement on simple elasto‐plastic models in describing soil behaviour under non‐monotonic loading. Routine use of such models requires robust numerical integration schemes. Explicit integration of highly non‐linear models requires extremely small steps in order to guarantee convergence. Here, a fully implicit scheme is presented for a simple kinematic hardening extension of the Cam clay soil model. The algorithm is based on the operator split methodology and the implicit Euler backward integration scheme is proposed to integrate the rate form of the constitutive relations. This algorithm maintains a quadratic rate of asymptotic convergence when used with a Newton–Raphson iterative procedure. Various strain‐driven axisymmetric triaxial paths are simulated in order to demonstrate the efficiency and good performance of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Progress in NTHMP Hazard Assessment     

Frank I. González  Vasily V. Titov  Harold O. Mofjeld  Angie J. Venturato  R. Scott Simmons  Roger Hansen  Rodney Combellick  Richard K. Eisner  Don F. Hoirup  Brian S. Yanagi  Sterling Yong  Mark Darienzo  George R. Priest  George L. Crawford  Timothy J. Walsh 《Natural Hazards》2005,35(1):89-110

The Hazard Assessment component of the U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program has completed 22 modeling efforts covering 113 coastal communities with an estimated population of 1.2 million residents that are at risk. Twenty-three evacuation maps have also been completed. Important improvements in organizational structure have been made with the addition of two State geotechnical agency representatives to Steering Group membership, and progress has been made on other improvements suggested by program reviewers.  相似文献