Geochemical and isotopic characterization of trace fossil infillings: New insights on tracemaker activity after the K/Pg impact event     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

Geochemical and isotopic analyses of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary deposits were conducted at the Caravaca section (External Subbetic, southeast of Spain) in order to evaluate the recovery of the macrobenthic tracemaker community and the bioturbational disturbance. Samples from the infilling material of several lower Danian dark-colored trace fossils (Chondrites, Planolites, Thalassinoides and Zoophycos) located in the uppermost 8-cm of the light upper Maastrichtian strata, as well as samples from the host sedimentary rock of these trace fossils, were analyzed and compared with data from the lower Danian deposits. The values of element ratios indicative of extraterrestrial contamination (Cr/Al, Co/Al and Ni/Al) are higher in the infilling trace fossil material than in the upper Maastrichtian and lower Danian deposits, which suggests a contribution of the ejecta layer. Regarding the isotope composition, the δ¹³C values are lower in the infilling material than in the Maastrichtian host sedimentary rocks surrounding the traces, while the δ¹⁸O are higher in the infilling material. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the infilling material evidence the unconsolidated character of the sediment, including the red boundary layer. Softground conditions confirm a relatively rapid recovery by the macrobenthic tracemaker community, starting a few millimeters above the K/Pg boundary layer. The mixture of the infilling material of the trace fossils moreover reveals a significant macrobenthic tracemaker activity affecting K–Pg boundary transition sediments that may have significantly altered original signatures.  相似文献   

Smoothing and re-roughening processes: The geometric evolution of a single fault zone     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2016

The geometry of a fault zone exerts a major control on earthquake rupture processes and source parameters. Observations previously compiled from multiple faults suggest that fault surface shape evolves with displacement, but the specific processes driving the evolution of fault geometry within a single fault zone are not well understood. Here, we characterize the deformation history and geometry of an extraordinarily well-exposed fault using maps of cross-sectional exposures constructed with the Structure from Motion photogrammetric method. The La Quinta Fault, located in southern California, experienced at least three phases of deformation. Multiple layers of ultracataclasite formed during the most recent phase. Crosscutting relations between the layers define the evolution of the structures and demonstrate that new layers formed successively during the deformation history. Wear processes such as grain plucking from one layer into a younger layer and truncation of asperities at layer edges indicate that the layers were slip zones and the contacts between them slip surfaces. Slip surfaces that were not reactivated or modified after they were abandoned exhibit self-affine geometry, preserving the fault roughness from different stages of faulting. Roughness varies little between surfaces, except the last slip zone to form in the fault, which is the smoothest. This layer contains a distinct mineral assemblage, indicating that the composition of the fault rock exerts a control on roughness. In contrast, the similar roughness of the older slip zones, which have comparable mineralogy but clearly crosscut one another, suggests that as the fault matured the roughness of the active slip surface stayed approximately constant. Wear processes affected these layers, so for roughness to stay constant the roughening and smoothing effects of fault slip must have been approximately balanced. These observations suggest fault surface evolution occurs by nucleation of new surfaces and wear by competing smoothing and re-roughening processes.  相似文献   

DEM simulations of methane hydrate exploitation by thermal recovery and depressurization methods     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2016

Methane hydrate (MH, also called fiery ice) exists in forms of pore filling, cementing and load-bearing skeleton in the methane hydrate bearing sediment (MHBS) and affects its mechanical behavior greatly. To study the changes of macro-scale and micro-scale mechanical behaviors of MHBS during exploitation by thermal recovery and depressurization methods, a novel 2D thermo-hydro-mechanical bonded contact model was proposed and implemented into a platform of distinct element method (DEM), PFC2D. MHBS samples were first biaxially compressed to different deviator stress levels to model different in-situ stress conditions. With the deviator stress maintained at constant, the temperature was then raised to simulate the thermal recovery process or the pore water pressure (i.e. confining pressure for MH bond) was decreased to simulate the depressurization process. DEM simulation results showed that: during exploitation, the axial strain increased with the increase of temperature (in the thermal recovery method) or decrease of pore water pressure (in the depressurization method); sample collapsed during MH dissociation if the deviator stress applied was larger than the compression strength of a pure host sand sample; sample experienced volume contraction but its void ratio was slightly larger than the pure host sand sample at the same axial strain throughout the test. By comparison with the laboratory test results, the new model was validated to be capable of reproducing the exploitation process by thermal recovery and depressurization methods. In addition, some micro-scale parameters, such as contact distribution, bond distribution, and averaged pure rotation rate, were also analyzed to investigate their relationships with the macroscopic responses.  相似文献   

Reactive transport impacts on recovered freshwater quality during multiple partially penetrating wells (MPPW-)ASR in a brackish heterogeneous aquifer     

《Applied Geochemistry》2016

The use of multiple partially penetrating wells (MPPW) during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in brackish aquifers can significantly improve the recovery efficiency (RE) of unmixed injected water. The water quality changes by reactive transport processes in a field MPPW-ASR system and their impact on RE were analyzed. The oxic freshwater injected in the deepest of four wells was continuously enriched with sodium (Na⁺) and other dominant cations from the brackish groundwater due to cation exchange by repeating cycles of ‘freshening’. During recovery periods, the breakthrough of Na⁺ was retarded in the deeper and central parts of the aquifer by ‘salinization’. Cation exchange can therefore either increase or decrease the RE of MPPW-ASR compared to the RE based on conservative Cl⁻, depending on the maximum limits set for Na⁺, the aquifer’s cation exchange capacity, and the native groundwater and injected water composition. Dissolution of Fe and Mn-containing carbonates was stimulated by acidifying oxidation reactions, involving adsorbed Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ and pyrite in the pyrite-rich deeper aquifer sections. Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ remained mobile in anoxic water upon approaching the recovery proximal zone, where Fe²⁺ precipitated via MnO₂ reduction, resulting in a dominating Mn²⁺ contamination. Recovery of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ was counteracted by frequent injections of oxygen-rich water via the recovering well to form Fe and Mn-precipitates and increase sorption. The MPPW-ASR strategy exposes a much larger part of the injected water to the deeper geochemical units first, which may therefore control the mobilization of undesired elements during MPPW-ASR, rather than the average geochemical composition of the target aquifer.  相似文献   

Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential     

ZOU Caineng  YANG Zhi  PAN Songqi  CHEN Yanyan  LIN Senhu  HUANG Jinliang  WU Songtao  DONG Dazhong  WANG Shufang  LIANG Feng  SUN Shash  HUANG Yong  WENG Dingwei 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(4):1249-1283

Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m~3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10–36 trillion m~3 of promising shale gas among the world's whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m~3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30–50 billion m~3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.  相似文献   

辽南金州拆离断层带中花岗质岩石的变形:显微构造、组构与年代学分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蒋浩  刘俊来  张雎易  郑媛媛 《岩石学报》2016,32(9):2707-2722

花岗岩(脉)在中下地壳韧性剪切带中普遍发育,如何正确鉴别剪切带中剪切前、剪切期及剪切后花岗岩(脉)以及正确理解剪切过程中构造变形与岩浆作用之间的关系一直是一个重要课题。本文以辽南金州拆离断层带为研究对象,选取中部地壳伸展作用过程中具有不同变形表现的花岗岩(脉)开展宏观-微观构造观察、石英EBSD组构分析及锆石LA-ICP-MS年代学测试等工作,从而进一步丰富构造-岩浆关系判别准则。剪切前花岗岩(脉)多变形强烈且具有后期固态变形叠加在早期高温岩浆组构之上的特点,而剪切期的花岗岩由于侵位的时间不同,岩石的变形程度也会不同。剪切晚期侵入的岩脉遭受了较弱的晶内塑性变形,而剪切早期的岩脉可以显示岩浆流动或结晶后高温至中温固态变形。从组构特点上看,剪切前和剪切期花岗质岩石石英c轴组构大多表现为中高温组构叠加有低温组构的特点。剪切后的花岗质岩石仅发生微弱的晶内变形或未变形而显示低温或无规律的组构特征。对五个典型的样品进行年代学测试,其结果符合相应的期次划分类型。应用宏观构造、显微构造与组构分析,结合年代学测试综合分析,对于辽南变质核杂岩构造-岩浆活动性进行了精细划分,包括134~130Ma初始伸展阶段,130~115Ma峰期伸展与强烈岩浆活动阶段,以及115Ma前后伸展作用结束。  相似文献   

我国地质钻探现状和发展前景分析          下载免费PDF全文

王达  李艺  周红军  刘跃进  张林霞  孙建华 《探矿工程》2016,43(4):1-9

我国经济社会发展已步入“新常态”。作为地质调查和矿产勘查工作重要技术支撑的地质钻探行业,资金投入显著减少,地质钻探工作量大幅下滑,常规钻探施工产能过剩;另一方面,地质钻探新的服务领域不断扩大,包括深部科学钻探,地热能及非常规能源勘查,海洋、灾害防治、生态环境、地外天体、极地方面的钻探等。如何应对地勘行业出现的问题,是全行业共同面对的挑战。在对当前及今后一段时期地质钻探工程面临的困难、挑战和机遇等进行调研分析的基础上,对我国地质钻探未来的发展前景进行了预测,认为地质钻探工作量将进一步减少,新领域、新业态的钻探工程及先进钻探技术和装备需求将进一步加大,更加贴近国家需求,更加注重环保理念。  相似文献   

Reflex ACT岩心定向设备及其工程应用          下载免费PDF全文

凌振武  刘亚斌  董树伟  王成立  骆建诗 《探矿工程》2016,43(3):60-64

岩心定向技术是一种可直接准确获得岩矿层原始产状的工程技术。本文介绍了澳大利亚Reflex公司生产的Reflex ACT系列岩心定向设备的结构组成、技术参数、工作原理以及该设备岩心定向工艺的操作过程。Reflex ACT系列岩心定向设备在青海滩涧山金矿的应用取得了很好的效果,达到了矿区的要求。结合该矿区90个钻孔的应用数据,分析了影响定向效果的因素,总结了使用该设备的经验和体会。  相似文献   

地表近水平孔绳索取心工艺钻探实践          下载免费PDF全文

李占锋 《探矿工程》2016,43(1):48-50

针对近水平孔地表岩心钻探施工项目的相关技术要求,利用现有的CS1000P6L型地表岩心钻机和常用的绳索取心钻具,设计和改进了绳索取心内管总成的投放与打捞装置,实现了地表岩心钻孔倾角接近零度的情况下普通绳索取心工艺的正常工作。与普通的提钻取心相比,大幅提高了工作效率,节省了购置特定的钻杆、绳索取心钻具及打捞器具等费用。经改进的输送装置结构简单、性能可靠、成本低廉,操作简单易行。经过野外生产实践验证,该装置实现了预期的目的和效果,达到了地质要求,积累并丰富了地表近水平孔岩心钻探施工的经验。  相似文献   

若尔盖铀矿田漏失层空心微珠泥浆试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

吴金生  董洪栋  张统得  刘卫东 《探矿工程》2016,43(3):9-12

若尔盖铀矿是我国四大基本类型铀矿田之一,矿层为灰岩、硅灰岩,圈团状纵向裂隙发育,长孔段失返性全漏失,泥浆性能难以维护,孔壁失稳,堵漏花费大量的人力、物力。为提高钻进效率,针对地层漏失机理,通过降低漏失压力实现平衡钻进,分别开展了空气泡沫、微泡沫泥浆以及空心微珠等低密度泥浆体系的研究和试验。实践表明,空心微珠低密度泥浆体系是一种适合若尔盖铀矿田漏失层钻进的泥浆体系。  相似文献