宇宙成因核素测年方法及其在地球科学中的应用   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

许刘兵  周尚哲 《冰川冻土》2006,28(4):577-585

宇宙成因核素地表暴露测年方法,是近年来迅速发展起来的一种新的同位素地质年代学方法.宇宙成因核素主要是由来源于银河系的宇宙射线与暴露于地表的物质作用形成的,作用机制主要包括裂变、中子捕获和介子反应.产生宇宙成因核素宇宙射线粒子主要是次生快中子、热中子和负慢介子,由于这些宇宙射线粒子在空间分布上的不同,地球上不同纬度、海拔高度和深度处的宇宙成因核素生成速率也表现出较大的差异.地表物质中宇宙成因核素浓度除了受到核素生成速率和地表物质的暴露时间制约外,还与地表侵蚀速率密切相关,此外,地磁场强度、遮蔽、化学风化及样品的几何位置等也会对核素浓度产生一定影响,在求算样品的地表暴露年代时,应对这些因素进行相应的校正.宇宙成因核素地表暴露测年技术的理论和方法日臻完善,目前它已被广泛到第四纪冰川、撞击坑、火山地貌、断层面等地学问题中来.  相似文献   

Concerning the instantaneous mass and the extent of an expanding universe     

H. J. Fahr  M. Heyl 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2006,327(7):733-736

In this article we want to answer the cosmologically relevant question what, with some good semantic and physical reason, could be called the massM _u of an infinitely extended, homogeneously matter‐filled and expanding universe. To answer this question we produce a space‐like sum of instantaneous cosmic energy depositions surrounding equally each spacepoint in the homogeneous universe. We calculate the added‐up instantaneous cosmic energy per volume around an arbitrary space point in the expanding universe. To carry out this sum we use as basic metrics an analogy to the inner Schwarzschild metric applied to stars, but this time applied to the spacepoint‐related universe. It is then shown that this leads to the added‐up proper energy within a sphere of a finite outer critical radius defining the point‐related infinity. As a surprise this radius turns out to be reciprocal to the square root of the prevailing average cosmic energy density. The equivalent mass of the universe can then also be calculated and, by the expression which is obtained here, shows a scaling with this critical radius of this universe, a virtue of the universe which was already often called for in earlier works by E. Mach, H. Thirring and F. Hoyle and others. This radius on the other hand can be shown to be nearly equal to the Schwarzschild radius of the so‐defined mass M _u of the universe. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

湘南骑田岭竹枧水花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U—Pb年代学和岩石学   总被引：36，自引：5，他引：31  

朱金初  张辉  谢才富  张佩华  杨策 《高校地质学报》2005,11(3):335-342

骑田岭岩体的竹枧水花岗岩是我国南岭地区最早进行同位素年龄测定的花岗岩之一,20世纪60年代初期获得的黑云母K—Ar年龄数据,曾用来作为骑田岭花岗岩属于印支期的主要依据。最近对其进行了锆石SHRIMPU—Pb年龄测定及岩石学和地球化学研究,测得其结晶年龄为160±2Ma,属燕山早期。它富碱富钾,富含LILE和HFSE,具壳幔混合来源,形成于华南大陆内部后造山阶段拉张减薄的构造环境。  相似文献   

中太平洋海山玄武岩的岩石学特征与年代     

初凤友  陈建林  马维林  高水土  武光海 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2005,25(4):55-59

玄武岩在中太平洋海山分布广泛, 且普遍存在风化蚀变现象.对测区内玄武岩样品的岩石学特征研究表明, 玄武岩具斑状结构, 基质以间粒结构为主.斑晶矿物为基性斜长石、单斜辉石和伊丁石化橄榄石.基质矿物为斜长石、辉石、橄榄石、铁矿物、磷灰石、玻璃及次生矿物等. 各海山玄武岩同属碱性玄武岩系列, 并为钾质类型玄武岩, 它们的形成基本上处于同一地质构造环境中.稀土元素分析结果为轻稀土富集型, 轻重稀土在岩石形成过程中发生了不同程度的分异作用.CM5海山玄武岩比其他海山年代相对较老（60 Ma）.  相似文献   

大数据驱动下变质岩岩石学研究展望     

刘博  翟明国  彭澎  郭敬辉  刘鹏 《高校地质学报》2020,26(4):411-423

变质岩记录了地球特别是大陆形成以来的演化历史。变质作用是地球出现固态岩石后构造演化的物质记录,是地球岩石圈的黑匣子、深部探针和指示剂,是深时地质记录最典型的地质指纹。变质岩及变质作用承载了地球特别是大陆构造演化过程以及构造体制随时代演化的研究重任。随着变质相平衡研究的发展以及相关数据资料的积累,因应大数据时代的到来,如何完善变质岩岩石学知识体系,对分散的数据进行整合,形成新一代数据平台,运用大数据方法解决前沿科学问题,成为变质岩岩石学新的学科生长点。文章总结介绍了国内外与变质岩有关的数据库（如MetPetDB、PetDB等）,并对近年的研究热点做了综述。笔者认为,大数据驱动下,可以针对一些相关科学问题先行开展研究,如：（1）早期大陆的物质、形成机制、生长过程和稳定化; （2）造山带、克拉通结构以及洋陆相互作用的过程;（3）壳-幔相互作用、接触带结构、能量、相转换与物质交换;（4）地球的热体制演化及其与大陆结构与成分演变的时空联系。  相似文献   

Quartz types in the Upper Pennsylvanian organic-rich Cline Shale (Wolfcamp D), Midland Basin,Texas: Implications for silica diagenesis,porosity evolution and rock mechanical properties     

Junwen Peng  Kitty L. Milliken  Qilong Fu 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):2040-2064

The origin and form of quartz in mudrocks has significant implications for interpretation of depositional environments, diagenetic pathways, mechanisms of porosity reduction and rock mechanical-property evolution. Quartz types in the Upper Pennsylvanian Cline Shale, Midland Basin, Texas, were examined using a combination of field-emission scanning electron microscopy-based energy-dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping (to determine mineralogy) and scanning electron microscopy-based cathodoluminescence imaging (to determine quartz types) with the goal of elucidating a high-resolution imaging protocol at the micrometre scale for shale petrology. Also, the unconfined compressive rock strength of shale samples with contrasting proportions of different quartz types was measured using Equotip Bambino analyses. The results suggest that extrabasinal detrital quartz, which accounts for an average of 26 vol.% of the rock in all analyzed samples, is the dominant form of quartz in the Cline Shale. The intergranular clay-size microquartz, which accounts for an average of 10 vol.% of the rock in all analyzed samples, is the dominant form of authigenic quartz. Dissolved radiolarians and sponge spicules are likely sources of silica for clay-size microquartz and other authigenic quartz showing pale-mauve to dark greyish cathodoluminescence colour. Some authigenic quartz in the form of intragranular pore filling and mollusc skeletal replacement displays bright-reddish cathodoluminescence colour, which may be associated with silica released at a different time in the rock's diagenetic history, such as during smectite illitization. Porosity reduction in the Cline Shale predominantly resulted from compaction because of extremely low intergranular volume and the general lack of early cementation. Quartz form significantly impacts rock mechanical properties in the Cline Shale: widely distributed intergranular clay-size microquartz cement is a major factor controlling rock strength. This correlation also applies to other mudrock successions of various geological ages, tectonic histories and lithologies.  相似文献   

枣泉井田延安组不同沉积相源岩的有机岩石学特征     

初志民 《现代地质》1996,10(4):448-454

摘要：鄂尔多斯盆地西缘灵武煤田延安组是在湖泊三角洲体系条件下形成的一套含煤岩系。通过对源岩的沉积环境和煤岩学的研究,揭示了不同沉积相源岩的显微组分组成、生物组合和有机质的母质类型  相似文献   

贵州东部镇远地区钾镁煌斑岩的矿物学和岩石学研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

江万 《现代地质》1995,9(3):351-358

摘要：通过对贵州东部镇远地区的一套偏碱性的基性超基性煌斑岩的矿物学及岩石学研究,发现该套岩石具有多种钾镁煌斑岩的特征矿物和结构：含钛的钾碱镁闪石、钛金云母、低铝透辉石、含铁透长石,以及金云母的嵌晶状结构、橄榄石的＂犬牙＂结构。在岩石地球化学方面,它们与世界典型地区的钾镁煌斑岩相似。根据对比鉴定,将这套岩石定名为：（１）金云母钾镁煌斑岩;（２）含橄榄石嵌晶状钾镁煌斑岩。  相似文献   

Diurnal variations of cosmic rays during a solar magnetic cycle     

M. A. El-Borie  I. S. Sabbah  A. A. Bishara 《Astronomische Nachrichten》1996,317(4):267-272

We have used data from five neutron monitor stations with primary rigidity (Rm) ranging from 16 GeV to 33 GeV to study the diurnal variations of cosmic rays over the period: 1965–1986 covering one 22-year solar magnetic cycle. The heliosphere interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and plasma hourly measurements taken near Earth orbit, by a variety of spacecraft, are also used to compare with the results of solar diurnal variation. The local time of maximum of solar diurnal diurnal variations displays a 22-year cycle due to the solar polar magnetic field polarities. In general, the annual mean of solar diurnal amplitudes, magnitude of IMF and plasma parameters are found to show separte solar cycle variations. Moreover, during the declining period of the twenty and twenty-ne solar cycles, large solar diurnal amplitudes are observed which associated with high values of solar wind speed, plasma temperature and interplanetary magnetic field magnitude B3.  相似文献   

Statistical Investigation on Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Wind Variation Based on ACE Observations     

GUO Xiao-cheng  JIANG Wence  LI Hui 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2021,45(2):147-161

Based on the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and plasma observations from ACE spacecraft, the relation between GCR counts and solar wind parameters during the two periods of solar minimums (the years of 2007.0-2009.0 and 2016.5-2019.0) was analyzed by means of the Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) method. The results indicate that GCRs are strongly modulated by Co-rotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) in solar wind, the Stream Interfaces (SIs) sandwiched between fast and slow solar wind are closely related with the depression of GCR counts. The mechanism of the GCR variation was investigated through the empirical diffusion coefficients. The so-called “snow-plough” effect of GCR variation prior to the SI crossing appears during the first period, then the GCR counts decrease after the crossing, which corresponds to the sudden drop of diffusion coefficient at the SI. However, this effect is not observed for the second period, the decrease of GCR counts may be caused by the enhancement of the diffusion coefficient after the SI crossing. Moreover, Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) correlates with GCR counts well, the GCRs drift along the current sheet, and then accumulate to a pileup structure. The interplay between drift and diffusion determines the GCR distribution and variation at a heliocentric distance of 1 AU.  相似文献