The mechanism of farmland marginalization in Chinese mountainous areas: Evidence from cost and return changes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li  Shengfa  Li  Xiubin 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(4):531-548

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production...  相似文献   

An evaluation of the economic benefits and costs of conservation tillage     

N. D. Uri 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(3-4):238-248

 The economic benefits of the adoption of conservation tillage depend on site-specific factors including soil characteristics, local climatic conditions, cropping patterns, and other attributes of the overall farming operation. While it is possible to draw some general inferences about components of economic returns and costs, a comprehensive assessment of the net private benefits from greater use of conservation tillage is not feasible. Received: 4 December 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998  相似文献   

Transaction costs analysis of low-carbon technologies     

Luis Mundaca T  Mathilde Mansoz  Lena Neij  Govinda R. Timilsina 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):490-513

Transaction costs (TCs) must be taken into account when assessing the performance of policy instruments that create markets for the diffusion and commercialization of low-carbon technologies (LCTs). However, there are no comprehensive studies on the development and application of transaction cost analysis to LCTs. In this meta-analysis, a wide-ranging evaluation of TCs associated with energy efficiency, renewable energy, and carbon market technologies is provided. There is a plethora of different definitions of, and measurement techniques to estimate, TCs. There is wide variation in the quantitative estimates, which can be attributed to factors such as the definition used, data collection, quantification methods, the type and size of technologies, the regulatory frameworks, the complexity of transactions, and the maturity of policy instruments. It is concluded that TCs are highly specific to both LCTs and policy instruments and that a common methodological approach is needed to avoid misleading policy analysis of the extant and future assessments.

Policy relevance

Transaction costs (TCs) accrued by, for instance, the search for information, due diligence, monitoring and verification (M&V) activities, must be considered in the design, implementation, and assessment of policy instruments. Such costs can have a negative effect on the performance of policy instruments aimed at the diffusion and commercialization of low-carbon technologies. It is shown here that TC analysis is mostly technology and policy context-specific and hence that it is not advisable to make generalizations about sources and estimates. The nature and scale of TCs are likely to differ due to a variety of endogenous determinants (e.g. size and performance of technologies), exogenous drivers (e.g. regulatory policy frameworks), and methodological aspects (e.g. quantification techniques). Several measures and strategies have the potential to reduce TCs, including standardized full cost accounting systems, an ex ante M&V approach, project bundling, and streamlining of procedures.  相似文献   

Marginal abatement cost estimates for non-CO2 greenhouse gases: lessons from RECLAIM     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):40-55

Recognizing the potential for over- as well as under-estimating the mitigation costs of non-CO₂ greenhouse gases in an offset programme, this article examines the accuracy of cost estimates prepared by government agencies for the control of other types of emissions from small/medium sources via an offset programme. Specifically, analogy is made to the control of SO_x and NO_x controlled by California's Regional Clean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM) Program. Even allowing for the energy crisis in 2000–2001 that drove up NO_x emissions and control costs, it appears that the engineering cost methods used turned out to be generally accurate, defined as ±25%. Although such a finding does not ensure that the same results will apply to the case of non-CO₂ GHGs, it certainly reinforces the growing literature on ex ante—ex post cost comparisons of environmental controls.  相似文献   

The costs of climate policies in a second-best world with labour market imperfections     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):768-788

This article explores the critical role of labour market imperfections in climate stabilization cost formation, using a dynamic recursive energy—economy model that represents a second-best world with market imperfections and short-run adjustment constraints along a long-term growth path. The degree of rigidity of the labour markets is a central parameter, and a systematic sensitivity analysis of the model results confirms this. When labour markets are represented as highly flexible, the model results are in the usual range of the existing literature; that is, less than 2% GDP losses in 2030 for a stabilization target at 550 ppm CO₂ equivalent. However, when labour market rigidities are accounted for, mitigation costs increase dramatically. Accompanying measures are identified, namely labour subsidies, which guarantee against the risk of large stabilization costs in the case of high rigidities of the labour markets. This complements the usual view that mitigation is a long-term matter that depends on technology, innovation, investment and behavioural change. The results support the view that mitigation is also a shorter-term issue and a matter of transition with regard to the labour market.  相似文献   

Transaction costs for firms in the EU ETS: lessons from Ireland     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):190-215

Until now, there has been little empirical evidence that EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) transaction costs are incurred at firm level. The transaction costs (internal costs, capital costs, consultancy and trading costs) incurred by Irish firms under the EU ETS during its pilot phase (2005–2007) were measured and analysed. Evidence for the sources of transaction costs, their magnitude and the distribution of costs shows that these were mainly administrative in nature. Considerable variation in costs was found due to economies of scale, as the costs per tonne of CO₂ were lower for participants with larger allocations. For the largest firms—accounting for over half the emissions—average transaction costs were €0.05 per tonne. However, for small firms, average transaction costs were €2.02—over 18% of the current allowance price. This supports the concerns that transaction costs are excessive for smaller participants. The immediate policy implication is that additional attention will be needed to address different sizes of firms, number of installations per firm, and the size of the initial allocations.  相似文献   

福建省“十一五”农业科技进步贡献率期望值分析     

许佳贤  郑逸芳  苏时鹏  黄森慰  周蓓 《福建地理》2008,(4)

在农业生产过程中,科技进步是促进农业产值增长的一个重要因素.本文运用CD函数模型测算出"十五"期间福建省农业科技进步贡献率,进而分析得到现阶段福建省的农业经济增长方式,并在此基础上预测出"十一五"期间的农业科技进步贡献率,从而提出了相应的农业发展建议,以期实现福建省农业的可持续发展.  相似文献   

Assessing reparability: simple tools for estimation of costs and performance loss of earthquake damaged reinforced concrete buildings          下载免费PDF全文

Maria Polese  Marco Di Ludovico  Marco Marcolini  Andrea Prota  Gaetano Manfredi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(10):1539-1557

Tools for assessing building reparability via the estimation of expected performance loss (PL) and associated costs for repair of existing RC building classes damaged by an earthquake are presented. The assessment approach relies on the availability of a number of suitably developed: (i) capacity curves for representative building classes; (ii) curves relating global ductility demand μ to the expected PL for the same classes; and (iii) PL–cost for repair relationship calibrated on database collecting cost data of more than 2300 buildings damaged after 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. The tools are developed applying a simplified procedure involving the simulated design of existing building classes, the assumption of predefined collapse mechanism types and the analyses of the seismic behavior of equivalent SDOF systems representative of ‘intact’ and ‘damaged’ structures after an earthquake. The use of these tools may give useful preliminary indications to decision makers for establishing reparability priorities in the aftermath of damaging earthquakes or to insurance companies to value sound insurance premium for existing building classes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Transportation costs and the spatial distribution of land use in the Brazilian Amazon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Diana Weinhold  Eustaquio Reis 《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(1):54-68

We examine the question of whether reducing transport costs in the Amazon has lead to increased land clearing. Data on land clearing, transport costs and other related variables from 1975 to 1995 is analyzed using econometric approaches that exploit the dynamic time series dimension of the data to control for possible omitted variables and endogeneity. Our results suggest that the impact of changes in transport costs on clearing depends greatly on the initial land use. Specifically, we find that in regions where a greater proportion of the land is already cleared, reducing transport costs can lessen the rate of future clearing. On the other hand, reducing transport costs through areas that have seen little human activity is more likely to increase deforestation.  相似文献   

Enclosure of the urban commons   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Shin Lee  Chris Webster 《GeoJournal》2006,66(1-2):27-42

This is an essay about the territorial enclosure of urban neighbourhoods. It develops the argument that the shared public realms that became regarded as normal in the cities of the 20th century are inherently unstable. More particularly, they are an unstable form of co-ownership domain (condominium). In many different cultures and economies new forms of local territorial governance are emerging to make joint consumption more sustainable. Most of the essay is devoted to exploring this evolutionary argument and is theoretically oriented and illustrated with historical examples. We end with illustrations of urban enclosure from China, a country that has had to discover almost overnight new forms of organisational, institutional and spatial order.  相似文献