Fracture modes in the Silurian Qusaiba Shale Play,Northern Saudi Arabia and their geomechanical implications     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2016

Fracture and in-situ stress studies were conducted for unconventional prospect evaluation in the Silurian Qusaiba Shale, northern Saudi Arabia. Borehole image logs, oriented cores, seismic, and drilling observations were used in the studies. The fractures include natural fractures and induced fractures. The induced fractures were studied to assess the stress regime in terms of directions and magnitudes. The present day maximum horizontal in-situ stress trend varies from NNW-SSE to NNE-SSW, and shows a regional pattern dominated by Arabian plate tectonics. The relative magnitudes of the current day stresses are characteristic of an extensional to strike-slip regime. Natural fractures of microscopic (microfractures) to macroscopic (macrofractures) scales include extension fractures (joints/veins), and faults manifested as shear and hybrid (extensional-shear and compressional-shear) fractures. Joints clustering into zones are rare, unless when associated with fault zones. Over half of the faults (56%) show clustering into fault zones with their widths (thickness) varying by up to 5 orders of magnitude, and lengths and displacements varying by up to 4 orders of magnitudes respectively. The study identified five distinctive, regional, fracture sets: one gently dipping (bedding-parallel or at low angle to bedding) and up to four moderately to steeply dipping fracture sets: an easterly striking set is the oldest, followed by three younger major sets striking NNW-SSE, N-S, and NNE-SSW. The younger fractures are nearly parallel to the present day maximum horizontal in-situ stress. Crack-seal mechanism (natural hydrofracturing) dominates initial fracture growth, some with several phases of partial to complete mineralization or coating, dominated by calcite, quartz, and dolomite. Aqueous and hydrocarbon gaseous and fluid inclusions are common in the fractures' mineral filling. The regional nature of in-situ stresses and natural fractures means their occurrence, orientation, relative dominance, and relative age and relative apertures are easier to predict and manipulate for well planning and completion, including hydrofracturing. Forward modeling shows that natural fracture network are not critically stressed under reservoir conditions but when subjected to massive hydrofracture stimulation they and the bedding discontinuities form the seeds for the growth of a complex hydrofracture network that potentially grows out of presumed stress-barriers. Lack of stress rotation around faults in wells supports the modeling results. Microseismic monitoring gives time-lapse (incremental) microseismic events of two types; random and linear patterns parallel to maximum horizontal in-situ stress and the predominant natural fracture trend. Bulk microseismic cloud has no unique link to fault trends mapped from high resolution borehole images. This finding challenges the usability of uncalibrated microseimic monitoring of massive hydrofracturing to map faults.  相似文献   

基于全角半距法钻孔偏斜距离计算公式的推导          下载免费PDF全文

齐清林  陈志国  唐仕尧  姚海平  胡金锋 《探矿工程》2014,41(8):13-17

钻孔弯曲的偏斜距离是地质钻探工程质量的一项重要指标。介绍了钻孔弯曲及钻孔弯曲计算模型中最常用的全角半距法。通过基于三维坐标系的钻孔轴线上各测点的空间位置的描述,借助于立体几何的方法,推导出钻孔中任一深度处偏斜距离的计算公式,讨论了顶角和方位角的变化对偏斜距离的影响程度,给出了一计算实例。  相似文献   

北京地区地基GPS加权平均温度计算本地化模型研究     

朱爽 《测绘工程》2014,(4):28-32

利用中国区域内93个无线电探空站2005-2010年的探空数据,分析加权平均温度的特征,并分析Bevis公式在中国的适用性。同时利用北京站2005-2010年的无线电探空数据进行北京地区加权平均温度模型的本地化研究,并利用模型进行北京地区2011年加权平均温度的计算,其结果与实际加权平均温度的差值平均值为2.16K,均方根误差为4.78,同时将利用模型生成的可降水汽量与利用探空数据获得的可降水汽量进行对比,差值平均值为-1.42K,均方根误差为2.87。实验证实北京地区本地化模型的精度较高,实用性较强。  相似文献   

Determination of Deformation Modulus for Lower Sands in Nakdong River Delta     

V. K. Singh 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):290-307

The deformation modulus of sands below 30 m in the Nakdong River Delta was estimated by using various in-situ tests, such as the piezocone penetrometer (CPT), seismic dilatometer (SDMT), and pressuremeter tests (PMT). Disturbed sand samples retrieved at several depths of two boreholes were reconstituted to simulate the in-situ deposited condition using a slurry method. Thereafter, the drained triaxial compression (TX) and the resonant column (RC) tests were also conducted. The elastic modulus obtained through the application of the TX and PMT results to conventional methods led to the underestimation of the in-situ values, because the inherent characteristics of the natural sands were not considered. Thus, the non-linear modulus degradation curves were constructed using the modulus degradation from the TX, RC, PMT, and the in-situ maximum shear modulus from SDMT. Thereafter, the modulus at 25% failure stress strength was re-evaluated. The re-evaluated values from the TX were in good agreement with those from the PMT, using the unloading curves and with the existing empirical equation based on the seismic CPT. Finally, a CPT-compatible empirical formula for the deformation modulus at 25% failure strength was proposed.  相似文献   

Oceanic gravity by analytical inversion of Hotine's formula     

C. Zhang  M. G. Sideris 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(2):115-136

An analytical inversion of the Hotine formula is developed using fast Fourier transform techniques. Detailed mathematical derivations are used to explain the concepts behind the inverse transformation. Three modifications of the analytical inversion of the Hotine formula are compared and tested using both synthetic data from the OSU91A geopotential model and real GEOSAT altimetry data from the Exact Repeat Mission. The stability of this inverse Hotine approach is investigated using simulated data, and numerical tests are done to quantify the stability of this approach. The approach seems to be numerically stable without employing any stabilization technique. Estimated gravity information from GEOSTAT altimetry data is compared to marine gravity data from shipboard measurements in the Orphan Knoll area. The standard deviations and mean values of the differences between satellite and marine gravity disturbances are 8.2 and 2.9 mGal for the planar approximation, 9.2 and 3.7 mGal for the spherical approximation, and 9.5 and 1.9 mGal for the Molodenskii‐like approximation, respectively, indicating that latitude‐dependent errors affect the latter two approximations. Such errors could be eliminated by performing the calculations by the rigorous one‐dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, and any data noise could be filtered out by utilizing covariance knowledge about the input geoid undulations and their errors. Simulation studies also showed that the accuracy of the techniques (for all approximations) can reach a root‐mean‐square (RMS) level of only a few mGal when proper treatment of FFT edge effects is employed and a rather wide area of results is disregarded around the edges.  相似文献   

A probabilistic investigation of infiltration in the vadose zone: proposal for a new formula of infiltration rate     

Erick Carlier 《水文研究》2007,21(21):2845-2849

The infiltration rate in the unsaturated zone is analysed from a probabilistic point of view. It is shown that the empirical formulas of Horton and Kostiakov, without apparent physical basis, are explained in a probabilistic approach. Horton's formula reflects a Markovian process contrary to Kostiakov's formula. This approach made it possible to explain why Kostiakov's formula is more powerful than that of Horton. A new equation of infiltration is proposed. The three formulas were compared, for four types of soil, with the model of van Genuchten based on the Richards equation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

矿井涌水量计算的非稳定流解析法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

华解明 《中国煤炭地质》2010,(10):38-40

目前矿井涌水量预测普遍存在着评价方法简单、机械套用计算公式、或利用应用软件玩模拟游戏等现象,反而对非常适用的非稳定流解析法重视不够。根据非稳定流解析法公式的基本原理,对其在矿井涌水量预测方面的适用性进行了讨论,并以山西省霍州煤电集团公司某煤矿采区水文地质补充勘查报告矿井涌水量预测为例进行了计算,计算结果表明:非稳定流解析法的雅柯布(近似)公式对于煤层底板突水的矿井涌水量预测,较稳定流解析法和传统的类比外推法在理论上更适用,操作上更灵活;与数值法相比,其又具有较好的直观性。在实践中,该方法计算过程清晰,计算结果可靠,具有推广应用价值。  相似文献   

瞬变电磁法矩形线圈自感的精确表达式   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李文尧 《地质与勘探》2010,46(1):160-164

在瞬变电磁法(TEM)中,矩形线圈的自感参数主要用于局部导体晚期瞬变电磁场的等效计算和接收线圈固有过渡过程计算以及瞬变电磁仪器研制。目前,在瞬变电磁法教科书中,单匝矩形线圈自感计算公式都是近似的。本文通过积分方法,推导出了长方形及正方形单匝线圈自感的精确表达式以及正方形单匝线圈自感的近似计算公式。经计算,目前使用的近似公式与精确公式相比误差很大,当回线边长为5m时,误差最小为-39.2%,最大为238.85%;当回线边长为200m时,误差最小为-58.87%,最大为219.33%。本文推导的单匝正方形线圈自感近似公式与精确公式相比误差很小,当回线边长为5m时,误差为0.4%;当回线边长200m时,误差为0.26%。  相似文献   

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刘仁钊  伍吉仓 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(5):59-62

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????μ???????? ???????C/C++?????????????????巽?????????????VC6??0?н????????????????????÷?????????????????????????  相似文献   

上游干支流洪水相关性对下游洪水频率分布的影响——以鄱阳湖抚河为例     

江聪  刘章君  温天福 《湖泊科学》2024,36(4):1232-1240

较大流域下游的洪水往往是由上游干支流洪水叠加形成,而上游洪水变量一般会存在一定的空间相关性。为揭示流域不同来源洪水相关性对下游洪水频率分布特征的影响,本文选取江西省抚河流域作为研究实例,通过广义回归模型构建下游洪水变量对上游干支流洪水变量的条件分布,以此刻画上下游洪水变量之间的关系,然后基于二维Copula函数建立上游干支流洪水变量的联合概率分布,最后由全概率公式推导出下游洪水频率分布,在此基础上,进一步探讨上游洪水变量相关性对下游洪水频率分布特征的影响。结果表明,本文提出的洪水频率分布推导法对抚河李家渡站的洪水频率分布具有较好的拟合效果;上游洪水变量相关性是影响下游洪水频率分布的重要因素,具体来说,相关性的强度与尾部相关性对下游洪水频率分布的均值没有影响,但均对偏态系数C_v与峰度系数C_s等高阶统计特征有较为明显的影响,下游洪水频率分布的C_v值会随上游洪水变量相关性的增强呈现增加趋势,上尾相关性越强,C_v和C_s越大;流域上游洪水变量相关性强度及上尾相关性的增强都会导致下游极端洪水风险升高,此外,重现期较长的极端水文设计值对上游洪水变量相关性的变化更加敏感。  相似文献