层次分析法在炉霍县泥石流易发性评价中的应用     

付奇  何政伟  薛东剑 《地理空间信息》2012,10(6):139-141,1

在深入研究炉霍县泥石流灾害的基础上,以实地考察数据为依据,以层次分析法为技术方法,对炉霍县泥石流易发性进行了评价。选取高程、坡度等8个指标作为影响泥石流易发性的评价因子,通过建立系统层次结构,构建判断矩阵,从而求出各因子的权重,建立泥石流危险性评价模型。实践证明,基于层次分析法的泥石流灾害易发性评价是有效和实用的。  相似文献   

THE MORPHODYNAMICS OF THE MONT BLANC MASSIF IN A CHANGING CRYOSPHERE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW     

PHILIP DELINE  MARIE GARDENT  FLORENCE MAGNIN  LUDOVIC RAVANEL 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2012,94(2):265-283

One of the most glacierized areas in the European Alps, the Mont Blanc massif, illustrates how fast changes affect the cryosphere and the related morphodynamics in high mountain environments, especially since the termination of the Little Ice Age. Contrasts between the north‐west side, gentle and heavily glaciated, and the south‐east side, steep and rocky, and between local faces with varying slope angle and aspect highlight the suitability of the study site for scientific investigations. Glacier shrinkage is pronounced at low elevation but weaker than in other Alpine massifs, and supraglacial debris covers have developed over most of the glaciers, often starting in the nineteenth century. Lowering of glacier surface also affects areas of the accumulation zone. While modern glaciology has been carried out in the massif for several decades, study of the permafrost has been under development for only a few years, especially in the rock walls. Many hazards are related to glacier dynamics. Outburst flood from englacial pockets, ice avalanche from warm‐based and cold‐based glaciers, and rock slope failure due to debuttressing are generally increasing with the current decrease or even the vanishing of glaciers. Permafrost degradation is likely involved in rockfall and rock avalanche, contributing to the chains of processes resulting from the high relief of the massif. The resulting hazards could increasingly endanger population and activities of the valleys surrounding the Mont Blanc massif.  相似文献   

冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流流量计算   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  

陈晓清  陈宁生  崔鹏 《冰川冻土》2004,26(3):357-362

冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流是青藏高原常见的泥石流灾害类型之一, 也是青藏高原地区泥石流防治的重点之一. 在溃决洪水研究的基础上, 结合泥石流本身的特征, 针对瞬间部分溃决的情况, 推导了冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流流量的计算方法. 具体包括冰川终碛湖溃决口泥石流洪峰流量Qdmax=kQmax和距离溃决口一定距离的河道某处泥石流洪峰的最大高度Hdmax=kHHmax. 由于计算方法中涉及泥石流的特征参数, 依据泥石流的特征, 定义了特征参数的含义, 并给出了计算方法k=1 (γd-γw)/(γs-γd), kH=k·kG, kG是与沟道形态有关的参数. 为了检验推导计算方法的合理性和精度, 选定西藏米堆沟冰川终碛湖溃决泥石流作为实例, 进行了验证. 结果表明, 推导计算方法的物理概念清晰, 计算结果与实际调查数据在趋势上吻合.  相似文献   

Modelling the hydrological response of debris‐free and debris‐covered glaciers to present climatic conditions in the semiarid Andes of central Chile          下载免费PDF全文

A. Ayala  F. Pellicciotti  S. MacDonell  J. McPhee  S. Vivero  C. Campos  P. Egli 《水文研究》2016,30(22):4036-4058

We apply the process‐based, distributed TOPKAPI‐ETH glacio‐hydrological model to a glacierized catchment (19% glacierized) in the semiarid Andes of central Chile. The semiarid Andes provides vital freshwater resources to valleys in Chile and Argentina, but only few glacio‐hydrological modelling studies have been conducted, and its dominant hydrological processes remain poorly understood. The catchment contains two debris‐free glaciers reaching down to 3900 m asl (Bello and Yeso glaciers) and one debris‐covered avalanche‐fed glacier reaching to 3200 m asl (Piramide Glacier). Our main objective is to compare the mass balance and runoff contributions of both glacier types under current climatic conditions. We use a unique dataset of field measurements collected over two ablation seasons combined with the distributed TOPKAPI‐ETH model that includes physically oriented parameterizations of snow and ice ablation, gravitational distribution of snow, snow albedo evolution and the ablation of debris‐covered ice. Model outputs indicate that while the mass balance of Bello and Yeso glaciers is mostly explained by temperature gradients, the Piramide Glacier mass balance is governed by debris thickness and avalanches and has a clear non‐linear profile with elevation as a result. Despite the thermal insulation effect of the debris cover, the mass balance and contribution to runoff from debris‐free and debris‐covered glaciers are similar in magnitude, mainly because of elevation differences. However, runoff contributions are distinct in time and seasonality with ice melt starting approximately four weeks earlier from the debris‐covered glacier, what is of relevance for water resources management. At the catchment scale, snowmelt is the dominant contributor to runoff during both years. However, during the driest year of our simulations, ice melt contributes 42 ± 8% and 67 ± 6% of the annual and summer runoff, respectively. Sensitivity analyses show that runoff is most sensitive to temperature and precipitation gradients, melt factors and debris cover thickness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Implications of decadal to century scale glacio‐hydrological change for water resources of the Hood River basin,OR, USA          下载免费PDF全文

Chris Frans  Erkan Istanbulluoglu  Dennis P. Lettenmaier  Garry Clarke  Theodore J. Bohn  Matt Stumbaugh 《水文研究》2016,30(23):4314-4329

In glacier‐fed rivers, melting of glacier ice sustains streamflow during the driest times of the year, especially during drought years. Anthropogenic and ecologic systems that rely on this glacial buffering of low flows are vulnerable to glacier recession as temperatures rise. We demonstrate the evolution of glacier melt contribution in watershed hydrology over the course of a 184‐year period from 1916 to 2099 through the application of a coupled hydrological and glacier dynamics model to the Hood River basin in Northwest Oregon, USA. We performed continuous simulations of glaciological processes (mass accumulation and ablation, lateral flow of ice and heat conduction through supra‐glacial debris), which are directly linked with seasonal snow dynamics as well as other key hydrologic processes (e.g. evapotranspiration and subsurface flow). Our simulations show that historically, the contribution of glacier melt to basin water supply was up to 79% at upland water management locations. We also show that supraglacial debris cover on the Hood River glaciers modulates the rate of glacier recession and progression of dry season flow at upland stream locations with debris‐covered glaciers. Our model results indicate that dry season (July to September) discharge sourced from glacier melt started to decline early in the 21st century following glacier recession that started early in the 20th century. Changes in climate over the course of the current century will lead to 14–63% (18–78%) reductions in dry season discharge across the basin for IPCC emission pathway RCP4.5 (RCP8.5). The largest losses will be at upland drainage locations of water diversions that were dominated historically by glacier melt and seasonal snowmelt. The contribution of glacier melt varies greatly not only in space but also in time. It displays a strong decadal scale fluctuations that are super‐imposed on the effects of a long‐term climatic warming trend. This decadal variability results in reversals in trends in glacier melt, which underscore the importance of long‐time series of glacio‐hydrologic analyses for evaluating the hydrological response to glacier recession. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mercury content in Atlantic sediments as a new indicator of the enlargement and reduction of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets          下载免费PDF全文

I. Kita  T. Yamashita  S. Chiyonobu  H. Hasegawa  T. Sato  Y. Kuwahara 《第四纪科学杂志》2016,31(3):167-177

  相似文献   

Small plastic debris changes water movement and heat transfer through beach sediments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Carson HS  Colbert SL  Kaylor MJ  McDermid KJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(8):1708-1713

We investigated the physical properties of beaches contaminated with plastic fragments. We compared sediment cores from Hawai‘i Island’s Kamilo Beach, notable for plastic accumulation, to cores from a nearby beach. Compared to the nearby beach, Kamilo sediments contained more plastics (up to 30.2% by weight), were coarser-grained, and were more permeable (t-test, p < 0.0001). 85% of the fragments were polyethylene, and 95% were concentrated in the top 15 cm of the cores. We constructed artificial cores of standardized grain size and varying plastic-to-sediment ratios. Adding plastic significantly increased the permeability (ANOVA, p = 0.002), which was partially attributed to the fragments increasing the mean grain size. Sediments with plastic warmed more slowly (16% maximum decrease in thermal diffusivity), and reached lower maximum temperatures (21% maximum increase in heat capacity). These changes have a variety of potential effects on beach organisms, including those with temperature-dependent sex-determination such as sea turtle eggs.  相似文献   

Marine debris impacts to a tidal fringing-marsh in North Carolina     

Uhrin AV  Schellinger J 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(12):2605-2610

We evaluated injuries to Spartina alterniflora by debris items common to North Carolina coastal waters as a function of debris type (wire blue crab pots, vehicle tires, and anthropogenic wood) and deployment duration, and monitored S. alterniflora recovery following debris removal. Injuries sustained by S. alterniflora and subsequent recovery, varied considerably between debris types. Differences were likely due to dissimilarities in the structure and composition of debris. Tires caused an immediate (within 3 weeks) and long-term impact to S. alterniflora; tire footprints remained devoid of vegetation 14 months post-removal. Conversely, crab pot impacts were not as abrupt and recovery was short-term (<10 months). We suggest that removal programs specifically target habitats that are susceptible to negative impacts (e.g., salt marsh) and prone to debris accumulation. Management would benefit from the inclusion of habitat information in removal databases.  相似文献   

Hydraulic characteristics and habitat suitability in presence of woody debris: A flume experiment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. Bocchiola 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(10):1304-1319

Data from a flume experiment were used to explore the modified hydraulic conditions and habitat suitability in streams where feeding of large woody debris (LWD) is present. Feeding of LWD was simulated by insertion of wood dowels with varying diameter and length. Two processes were mimicked, namely (i) lumped LWD load, and (ii) distributed LWD load. Lumped load may occur for wood coming either from upstream or from a tributary, and entering the stream of interest in one only section. Distributed load occurs for wood entering along the considered stream, in several sections. Distributed wood income resulted in homogeneously increased bed roughness, leading to increased flow depth and decreased velocity, whereas lumped input of wood from upstream resulted in larger local clustering and change of the flow properties, but with less influence on the distributed hydraulic properties. A method is proposed to predict bulk flow properties in presence of LWD. Then, a simple approach is used based upon the concept of wetter usable area WUA to investigate modified habitat conditions for fish species in presence of woody debris. An application to a real world case study from the literature is then shown, where increasing density of wood increases habitat availability for colonization by fish guilds.  相似文献   

格栅坝在泥石流防治中的应用——以汶川地震引发的烂泥沟泥石流治理为例     

吴强  陈征宙  刘裕华  张明瑞  曹东方 《地震学刊》2011,(3):341-348

受汶川地震影响,四川等地泥石流治理更为迫切。泥石流的暴发具有突发性,在防治工程中,相比实体坝而言,格栅坝是一种节省材料、稳定性更高的拦挡结构,使用范围越来越广,但是目前尚无成熟的格栅坝设计方法。本文参考梳齿坝的已有理论确定了支墩间距的计算方法,并结合已有实验资料提出了格栅坝格栅间距的计算公式,改变了以往不同坝体乃至同一坝内各横梁间距一致的计算方法。另外,因支墩间隔相对较小,以简支模式计算石块对横梁冲击力并不合适,本文基于固定梁模式重新推导了计算公式,其计算结果与简支梁模式比较,数值大了3倍。最后考虑坝体建成后的不同情况,提出了支墩、横梁及两侧翼墙的详细计算工况,并基于以上设计理论,对烂泥沟泥石流治理工程的部分格栅坝进行了具体设计。  相似文献