托普台区块高渗透地层随钻堵漏剂配方优化          下载免费PDF全文

田建东  于培志  牟福权 《探矿工程》2015,42(7):10-13

托普台区块上部地层以砂泥岩层、砾质砂岩为主,容易发生漏点不明确、漏失段长的高渗透性漏失。通过对堵漏材料的配伍性评价及合理级配,优选出了一种适合高渗透性漏失地层的随钻堵漏剂。该堵漏剂对钻井液流变性影响小,可降低钻井液API滤失量,对沙床封堵后承压能力＞10 MPa,在TP328X井的应用表明,高强度弹性石墨颗粒复合凝胶堵漏对于高压差、高渗透漏失的工况,可以有效封堵漏层,特别适用于对于漏层不明、漏涌同层、裸眼等复杂井况。  相似文献   

Origin of mud in turbidites and hybrid event beds: Insight from ponded mudstone caps of the Castagnola turbidite system (north-west Italy)     

Marco Patacci  Mattia Marini  Fabrizio Felletti  Andrea Di Giulio  Massimo Setti  William McCaffrey 《Sedimentology》2020,67(5):2625-2644

The partitioning of different grain-size classes in gravity flow deposits is one of the key characteristics used to infer depositional processes. Turbidites have relatively clean sandstones with most of their clay deposited as part of a mudstone cap or as a distal mudstone layer, whereas sand-bearing debrites commonly comprise mixtures of sand grains and interstitial clay; hybrid event beds develop alternations of clean and dirty (clay-rich) sandstones in varying proportions. Analysis of co-genetic mudstone caps in terms of thickness and composition is a novel approach that can provide new insight into gravity flow depositional processes. Bed thickness data from the ponded Castagnola system show that turbidites contain more clay overall than do hybrid event beds. The Castagnola system is characterized by deposits of two very different petrographic types. Thanks to this duality, analyses of sandstone and mudstone composition allow inference of which proportion of the clay in each of the deposit types was acquired en route. In combination with standard sedimentological observations the new data allow insight into the likely characteristics of their parent flows. Clean turbidites were deposited by lower concentration, long duration, erosive, muddy turbidity currents which were more efficient at fractionating clay particles away from their basal layer. Hybrid event beds were deposited by shorter duration, higher-concentration, less-erosive sandier flows which were less efficient at clay fractionation. The results are consistent with data from other turbidite systems (for example, Marnoso-arenacea). The approach represents a new method to infer the controls on the degree of clay partitioning in gravity flow deposits.  相似文献   

矽卡岩型钨矿床成矿作用研究进展   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

李佳黛  李晓峰 《矿床地质》2020,39(2):256-272

钨具有极高的熔点和硬度,是现代生活、工业、国防和高科技领域中不可或缺的基础材料。研究显示,矽卡岩型钨矿是世界钨矿床中最主要的类型,广泛分布于受俯冲影响的环太平洋大陆边缘和与碰撞有关的欧亚大陆内部古大陆边缘,形成时代集中在中生代和古生代。钨在岩浆演化过程中呈现不相容的特征,因此与钨矿化相关的岩浆岩演化程度较高,包括S型、A型以及高分异I型花岗岩。钨具有较高的流体亲和性,使其在熔-流体分异过程中倾向于富集在共存的流体相。钨在热液流体中以氯化物、氟化物和碳酸盐络合物,以及同多钨酸盐和杂多钨酸盐等形式迁移,主要受源岩、围岩成分和流体物化条件等因素影响。矽卡岩型钨矿的成矿作用存在多期次、多阶段演化特征,不同阶段的成矿流体的温度和盐度存在差异。白钨矿是矽卡岩型钨矿中主要的矿石矿物,其沉淀可能受到多种机制的影响,如降温、流体混合、流体沸腾及流体-围岩反应等。文章简要综述了世界矽卡岩型钨矿的时空分布、地质特征和相关成因矿物学研究,并重点总结了钨的成矿岩浆-热液体系特征,钨在岩浆-热液演化过程中的地球化学行为及其迁移和沉淀机制等方面的研究成果。文章指出,为了完善矽卡岩型钨矿的成矿和找矿勘查模型,应当加强矽卡岩型钨矿的成矿时代、成矿物质和流体来源以及成矿环境的精细研究。  相似文献   

MODELLING FLOOD HYDRAULICS AND OVERBANK DEPOSITION ON RIVER FLOODPLAINS     

A. P. Nicholas  D. E. WALLING 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(1):59-77

This paper outlines a numerical model for the prediction of floodplain inundation sequences, overbank deposition rates and deposit grain size distributions. The model has two main components: first, a simplified hydraulic scheme which predicts floodwater flow depths and velocities, and second, a sediment transport element which employs a mass balance relation describing suspended sediment dispersion by convective and diffusive processes and sediment deposition as a function of particle settling rates. These relationships are solved numerically on a finite difference grid that accurately replicates the complex topographic features typical of natural river floodplains. The model is applied to a 600 m reach of the River Culm, Devon, U.K. using data derived from a range of field and laboratory techniques. Continuous records of river stage and suspended sediment concentration provide the model's upstream boundary input requirements. These are supplemented by measurements of the in situ settling characteristics of the suspended sediment load. The model's sediment transport component is calibrated with the aid of a dataset of measured overbank deposition amounts derived from flood events over a 16 month period. The model is shown to predict complicated floodwater inundation sequences and patterns of suspended sediment dispersion and deposition, which are largely a product of the complex topography of the floodplain. These results compare favourably with observations of overbank processes and are an improvement over those of previous models which have employed relatively simple representations of floodplain geometry. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nitrogen fluxes in a high elevation colorado rocky mountain basin     

JILL S. BARON  DONALD H. CAMPBELL 《水文研究》1997,11(7):783-799

Measured, calculated and simulated values were combined to develop an annual nitrogen budget for Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS) in the Colorado Front Range. Nine-year average wet nitrogen deposition values were 1·6 (s=0·36) kg NO₃-N ha⁻¹, and 1·0 (s=0·3) kg NH₄-N ha⁻¹. Assuming dry nitrogen deposition to be half that of measured wet deposition, this high elevation watershed receives 3·9 kg N ha⁻¹. Although deposition values fluctuated with precipitation, measured stream nitrogen outputs were less variable. Of the total N input to the watershed (3·9 kg N ha⁻¹ wet plus dry deposition), 49% of the total N input was immobilized. Stream losses were 2·0 kg N ha⁻¹ (1125 kg measured dissolved inorganic N in 1992, 1–2 kg calculated dissolved organic N, plus an average of 203 kg algal N from the entire 660 ha watershed). Tundra and aquatic algae were the largest reservoirs for incoming N, at approximately 18% and 15% of the total 2574 kg N deposition, respectively. Rocky areas and forest stored the remaining 11% and 5%, respectively. Fully 80% of N losses from the watershed came from the 68% of LVWS that is alpine. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Atmospheric deposition to watersheds in complex terrain     

GARY M. LOVETT  JONATHAN J. BOWSER  ERIC S. EDGERTON 《水文研究》1997,11(7):645-654

Single collection stations for wet or bulk deposition are generally inadequate to describe atmospheric inputs to watersheds in complex terrain. Atmospheric deposition is delivered by wet, dry and cloud deposition processes, and these processes are controlled by a wide range of landscape features, including canopy type and structure, topographic exposure, elevation and slope orientation. As a result, there can be a very high degree of spatial variability within a watershed, and a single sampling point, especially at low elevation, is unlikely to be representative. Atmospheric inputs at the watershed scale can be calculated from the whole watershed mass balance if the outputs and within-watershed sources and sinks are known with sufficient accuracy. Alternatively, indices of atmospheric deposition such as Pb accumulation in the forest floor and SO²⁻₄ flux in throughfall can be used to characterize patterns of total deposition, and these indices can be used to model deposition to the entire watershed based on known landscape features such as elevation and canopy type. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the simple settling theory for predicting sediment deposition by overland flow     

L. Beuselinck  G. Govers    A. Steegen  P. B. Hairsine  J. Poesen   《地球表面变化过程与地形》1999,24(11):993-1007

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Variations in trace element geochemistry in the Seine River Basin based on floodplain deposits and bed sediments     

Arthur J. Horowitz  Michel Meybeck  Zayed Idlafkih  Erwan Biger 《水文研究》1999,13(9):1329-1340

Between 1990 and 1995 a series of bed sediment, suspended sediment and fresh floodplain samples were collected within the Seine River Basin, in France, to evaluate variations in trace element geochemistry. Average background trace element levels for the basin were determined from the collection and subsequent analyses of bed sediment samples from small rural watersheds and from a prehistoric (5000 BP) site in Paris. Concentrations are relatively low, and similar to those observed for fine‐grained bed sediments from unaffected areas in the United States and Canada. However, the concentrations are somewhat higher than the reference levels presently adopted by French water authorities for areas north of the Seine Basin, which have similar bedrock lithologies. Downstream trace element variations were monitored in 1994 and 1995 using fresh surficial floodplain samples that were collected either as dried deposits a few days after peak discharge, or immediately after peak discharge (under ≤30 cm of water). Chemical comparisons between fresh floodplain deposits, and actual suspended sediments collected during flood events, indicate that, with some caveats, the former can be used as surrogates for the latter. The floodplain sediment chemical data indicate that within the Seine Basin, from the relatively unaffected headwaters through heavily affected urban streams, trace element concentrations vary by as much as three orders of magnitude. These trace element changes appear to be the result of both increases in population as well as concomitant increases in industrial activity. (This article is a US government work and is in the public domain in the United States.)  相似文献   

THE ROLE OF LAKES IN MORAINE FORMATION,CHILEAN LAKE DISTRICT     

MIKE BENTLEY 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1996,21(6):493-507

The nested moraines of the Chilean Lake District have been used to establish a glacial chronology for southernmost South America. This paper focuses on non-climatic controls which may have modulated the climatic signal. It presents a model for formation of the moraines around Lagos Puyehue and Rupanco where there is a nested complex dating from the last glaciation. These moraines can be divided into two types on the basis of their form, position and constituent materials: rampart moraines are broad amalgamated moraine complexes whilst ridge moraines are narrow single ridges usually located around lakeshores. Both types have lateral moraines with low up-glacier longitudinal gradients. Sections in the moraines show they are largely composed of stratified glaciofluvial sediments overthrust on their proximal flanks by clay-rich diamicts containing reworked glaciofluvial material. Despite their different characteristics, a single model explains the features of both moraine types and their location around the down-glacier ends of the lakes. Moraine formation depends crucially on the presence of a layer of water-saturated, fine, impermeable sediment in the lake basins which allows the glacier lobes to advance with negligible surface gradients, probably on a deforming bed. Although the formation of moraines requires a climatically triggered advance, their precise position is not dictated by climatic factors but by contrasts in sediment permeability and grain-size.  相似文献   

钱塘江河口段长周期泥沙冲淤和河床变形   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

余炯  曹颖 《海洋学研究》2006,24(2):28-38

通过对钱塘江河口段50多年连续水下地形资料的整理和分析,给出了该河口段在遭遇连续丰、枯水文年时的长周期泥沙冲淤特点,以及相应塑造的顺直、弯曲两种河势在河床形态与演变上的差异。研究结果认为,长周期泥沙冲淤和河床变形是钱塘江河口段保持冲淤平衡的一种自动调整手段;与冲积河流不同的是,钱塘江河口段通过河型、比降、断面等因素的调整来改变进入该河口段潮流量的大小。  相似文献