粟类作物稃片植硅体形态研究回顾与展望     

张健平  吕厚远  葛勇  邵孔兰 《第四纪研究》2019,39(1):1-11

中国是粟、黍的起源地,但受植物遗存保存状况及研究方法的限制,对粟类旱作农业起源与驯化的时间、地点、种类、过程等的认识仍然存在不同观点。植硅体分析为准确鉴定粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘物种提供了新的途径。本文总结了近几年来针对粟、黍种子稃片植硅体研究取得的新进展,获得以下认识:1)进一步明确了稃片表皮长细胞植硅体的形态特征、大小、数量是鉴定考古文化堆积中粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘野生物种的可靠指标;2)通过对比我国北方常见的狗尾草属稃片植硅体,发现了ΩⅢ型仅发育于粟和青狗尾草的稃片中部,且其大小与狗尾草属野生植物差异显著;3)分析和说明了稃片植硅体鉴定流程和方法、重点强调了稃片Ω/η类型的鉴定特征和应用范围,以及植硅体统计量等关键问题;4)讨论了粟类稃片植硅体产量与农作物产量的关系以及植硅体埋藏学问题,最后对深化粟类植硅体形态学研究提出了初步建议。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能够使植硅体分析方法在粟类作物起源和传播的研究中得到更准确、更广泛的应用。  相似文献   

缝网间距对高温岩体储留层温度影响规律模拟     

孙可明  张宇 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2019,49(6):1723-1731

为研究高温岩体储留层注水过程中缝网间距对储留层岩体温度的影响规律,建立了考虑热对流和热传导效应的热流固耦合力学模型。以水平井多簇缝网地热开发为例,将缝网及其周围岩体简化为等效的多孔介质,利用ABAQUS二次开发功能实现了流固耦合和热对流耦合。模拟结果表明：储留层岩体温度的变化按注水持续时间分为3个阶段：初温保持阶段,该阶段储留层岩体温度保持原始温度,缝网间距的不同对储留层岩体整体温度无影响;快速降温阶段,该阶段储留层岩体温度下降随注水时间呈现负指数变化规律,缝网间距与储留层岩体温度呈正相关关系;温度缓慢下降平稳阶段,该阶段初期缝网间距与储留层岩体温度的关系和快速降温阶段一致,但后期缝网间距与储留层岩体温度呈负相关关系。空间上,在岩体温度高的区域,缝网间距越小,岩体温度变化梯度越大;在岩体温度较低的区域,缝网间距越小,岩体温度变化梯度越小。  相似文献   

Mechanical properties of calcareous silts in a hydraulic fill island-reef     

Xing Wang  Jie Cui  Changqi Zhu  Xinzhi Wang 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2021,39(1):1-14

Abstract

The mechanical characteristics of calcareous silt interlayers play an important role in the stability of island-reef foundations. Direct shear and consolidation tests were performed to study the relationship between the mechanical properties and the physical parameters of calcareous silt. Based on the consolidation test results and analysis of the settling examples, different calculation methods for soil settling were compared. The results show the following. (1) The relationship between the cohesion and water content of calcareous silt can be represented by an M-shaped curve. The water contents corresponding to the two peaks of the M-type curve increase with increasing dry density. (2) When the dry density is less than 1.33?g/cm³, increasing the density significantly improves the internal friction angle of calcareous silts. When the dry density of the calcareous silt is greater than 1.33?g/cm³, the internal friction angle is affected by both the dry density and the water content. (3) The shear strength decreases when the water content exceeds the optimum level. (4) The compressive modulus of calcareous silt is larger than that of terrigenous silt. Specifically, it decreases with decreasing dry density and increasing water content. (5) The stepwise loading method should be used to estimate the soil settling before fill engineering construction.  相似文献   

1917号台风“塔巴”对浙江沿海风场的影响及其成因分析          下载免费PDF全文

邱王泽禾  章蓝文 《应用海洋学学报》2021,40(2):332-341

通过分析浙江省区域自动站加密资料、常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°和0.25°×0.25°再分析资料以及卫星TBB (Black Body Temperature)资料,研究2019年第17号台风"塔巴"影响期间,浙江沿海风场分布的特点及其成因,以寻找台风影响时浙江沿海风场预报的着眼点。此次台风大风具有影响时间早、持续时间长、影响范围大和大风强度强的特点。台风环流与浙江沿海地面弱冷空气之间形成一定气压梯度的堆积,以及后续随着台风环流的发展加强,两者之间气压梯度进一步增大,是导致此次台风大风提早出现的原因之一。垂直环流有利于水平的动量输送和高层动量下传,导致此次台风大风范围大、强度强。冷空气在这次台风大风中起到非常重要的作用。随着台风外围环流与冷空气距离拉近,部分干冷空气侵入台风环流,冷、暖气团之间θse等值线密集,环流附近风速增强。由于干冷空气的继续侵入,冷、暖空气相互作用累积并释放斜压能。同时台风低层的暖心结构被冷空气占据,高层暖心结构上抬,形成上暖下冷的中心结构,导致台风开始变性减弱。地形的辐合、阻挡和摩擦作用对风场的再分布也有一定影响。  相似文献   

植被覆盖、放牧和季节对牧草种类组成和生物量的影响:以埃塞俄比亚南部Yabello牧场为例     

Yeneayehu FENETAHUN  徐新文  尤源  王永东 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(2):159-170

Yabello牧场是埃塞俄比亚博拉纳的一个半干旱地区的牧场,目前面临着草场退化的严重挑战。植被覆盖的变化、过度放牧和季节性变化极大地影响了Yabello牧场的牧草组成和生物量。本文评估了植被覆盖、放牧和季节对Yabello牧场的牧草组成和生物量的影响。首先采用1 m×1 m的随机样方进行实验,根据植被覆盖类型和放牧变化选择样点,并对季节影响进行评估。使用SAS统计软件和MicrosoftExcel分析牧草组成、牧草高度和质量数据。本研究总共记录了26种草种,其中Chloris roxburghiana, Chrysopogon aucheri和Chrysopogon aucheri草种均表现出最高的平均单种覆盖高度和生物量产量。因此,建议将这些草种用于研究区域退化草地的恢复。研究结果还表明,植被覆盖类型、放牧和季节变化是决定牧草种类组成、牧草高度和生物量产量的关键因素。最后,研究结论还认为控制灌木丛植被并平衡放牧水平的可持续管理对于该地区的可持续牧草生产和生物多样性保护至关重要。  相似文献   

近59 a锡林河流域潜在蒸散发及地表干湿状况变化趋势分析          下载免费PDF全文

张璐  朱仲元  张圣微  王慧敏  王飞  席小康 《干旱区地理》2020,43(4):997-1003

利用1960—2018年锡林河流域周边13个气象站的逐日气象资料,采用世界粮农组织（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO）推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算各气象站多年潜在蒸散发量及相对湿润度指数。通过利用主成分分析、相关分析和偏相关分析,探讨了锡林河流域潜在蒸散发、地表干湿状况多年变化规律;分析了影响潜在蒸散发的主要气象因子及各气象要素间的相互作用;着重讨论了锡林河流域潜在蒸散发的周期变化及其与相对湿润度指数、各气象要素的相互作用。结果表明：流域近59 a潜在蒸散发整体呈现增长趋势,且上升趋势显著,存在显著增加—减小交替的多尺度时频变化特征和多主周期变化规律;各气象要素中潜在蒸散发对温度的响应较大,平均风速次之;平均相对湿度受到潜在蒸散发的影响较大,降水次之。整个流域环境有不显著的变湿润趋势。  相似文献   

沉积物干容重分析及其沉积学意义:以东海内陆架海区为例     

薛成凤  盛辉  魏东运  杨阳  汪亚平  贾建军 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(5):1093-1107

干容重是沉积学研究中用于计算物质通量的一个重要参量,对于正确认识沉积物的收支平衡、源汇通量以及地貌演化等问题具有重要意义。然而,干容重的分析流程和计算方法仍然缺乏统一的规范,导致干容重的取值不尽合理,影响了沉积学研究的定量化和精准度,这个问题需要引起足够的重视。本文选取了东海内陆架的表层沉积物和柱状沉积物,运用实验测试和间接公式计算两种方法获得了沉积物的干容重,对比分析了两种方法的精准度。研究发现,东海内陆架的细颗粒沉积物的干容重的数值范围是1.1—1.5g/cm~3;影响沉积物干容重的主要因素是沉积物的成分与粒度,前者通过颗粒态物质的密度起作用,后者通过孔隙度来影响。建议:干容重的分析测试工作应在采样后尽快完成;运用干容重进行沉积通量计算时,应根据沉积物的平均粒度和孔隙度的空间变化选择合适的数值,以获得更加合理的结果。  相似文献   

圆筒型FPSO优化设计与水动力性能分析     

赵治民  李焱  唐友刚  何鑫  童波 《海洋工程》2020,38(1):11-19

针对圆筒型海上储油装置FPSO垂荡运动性能较差、无法安装干式井口的问题,设计了带延伸筒体与矩形阻尼结构的圆筒型FPSO,根据延伸筒体与矩形阻尼结构是否通海分为两种型式。建立水动力计算模型,比较分析不同延伸筒体和阻尼结构型式对FPSO水动力性能的影响。针对南海作业海域,设计了悬链式系泊系统,基于JONSWAP波浪谱对FPSO的运动进行时域预报,并对系泊系统进行校核。分析结果表明:通海型FPSO垂荡固有周期显著提升,可以错开南海百年一遇谱峰周期,通海型FPSO满足钻井、安装干式井口的运动响应要求,系泊系统系缆张力满足规范要求。  相似文献   

Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high‐elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology     

Flavia Burger  Alvaro Ayala  David Farias  Thomas E. Shaw  Shelley MacDonell  Ben Brock  James McPhee  Francesca Pellicciotti 《水文研究》2019,33(2):214-229

We present a field‐data rich modelling analysis to reconstruct the climatic forcing, glacier response, and runoff generation from a high‐elevation catchment in central Chile over the period 2000–2015 to provide insights into the differing contributions of debris‐covered and debris‐free glaciers under current and future changing climatic conditions. Model simulations with the physically based glacio‐hydrological model TOPKAPI‐ETH reveal a period of neutral or slightly positive mass balance between 2000 and 2010, followed by a transition to increasingly large annual mass losses, associated with a recent mega drought. Mass losses commence earlier, and are more severe, for a heavily debris‐covered glacier, most likely due to its strong dependence on snow avalanche accumulation, which has declined in recent years. Catchment runoff shows a marked decreasing trend over the study period, but with high interannual variability directly linked to winter snow accumulation, and high contribution from ice melt in dry periods and drought conditions. The study demonstrates the importance of incorporating local‐scale processes such as snow avalanche accumulation and spatially variable debris thickness, in understanding the responses of different glacier types to climate change. We highlight the increased dependency of runoff from high Andean catchments on the diminishing resource of glacier ice during dry years.  相似文献   

Regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency analysis using the L‐moments method in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin,China          下载免费PDF全文

Dun‐Xian She  Jun Xia  Dan Zhang  Ai‐Zhong Ye  Aditya Sood 《水文研究》2014,28(17):4694-4707

In this research, the regional extreme‐dry‐spell frequency in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is studied by the L‐moments method. The research area has been divided into three subregions (regions 1, 2 and 3), which have been identified as homogenous regions. The results of a goodness‐of‐fit test indicate that a generalized normal distribution is the optimal regional model for regions 1 and 2 whereas a generalized Pareto distribution is the optimal regional model for region 3. The return period analysis figures out that the maximum length‐of‐dry‐spell (MxDS) values increase from south to north in the southern part and increase from northeast to southwest in the northern part of the middle reaches of the YRB under different return periods. The increments of quantiles of dry spell under different return levels indicate that drought risk in region 1 is higher than that in regions 2 and 3. The analysis of the occurrence day of MxDS shows that MxDS mostly occurred during winter of 1998 and spring of 1999 in most stations during the considered period. By comparing summer MxDS events, it can be found that mean MxDS values have slightly increased in regions 1 and 2 during the last five decades. The maximum mean MxDS values appeared in the 2000s for regions 1 and 2 and in the 1990s for region 3. The atmospheric circulation shows that the positive anomaly centre in the west of North China, negative anomaly centre in the east of North China and the strong western Pacific subtropical high led to the decrease of precipitation in North China during the summer of 1997. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献