东亚地区云微物理量分布特征的CloudSat卫星观测研究   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

张华  杨冰韵  彭杰  王志立  荆现文 《大气科学》2015,39(2):235-248

本文利用2007~2010年整四年最新可利用的CloudSat卫星资料, 对东亚地区(15°~60°N, 70°~150°E)云的微物理量包括冰/液态水含量、冰/液态水路径、云滴数浓度和有效半径等的分布特征和季节变化进行了分析。本文将整个东亚地区划分为北方、南方、西北、青藏高原地区和东部海域五个子区域进行研究, 结果显示:东亚地区冰水路径值的范围基本在700 g m-2以下, 高值区分布在北纬40度以南区域, 在南方地区夏季的平均值最大, 为394.3 g m-2, 而在西北地区冬季的平均值最小, 为78.5 g m-2;而液态水路径的范围基本在600 g m-2以下, 冬季在东部海域的值最大, 达到300.8 g m-2, 夏季最大值为281.5 g m-2, 分布在南方地区上空。冰水含量的最高值为170 mg m-3, 发生在8 km附近, 南方地区夏季的值达到最大, 青藏高原地区的季节差异最大;而液态水含量在东亚地区的范围小于360 mg m-3, 垂直廓线从10 km向下基本呈现逐渐增大的趋势, 峰值位于1~2 km高度上。冰云云滴数浓度在东亚地区的范围在150 L-1以下, 水云云滴数浓度的值小于80 cm-3, 垂直廓线的峰值均在夏季最大。冰云有效半径在东亚地区的最大值为90 μm, 发生在5 km左右;水云有效半径在东亚地区的值分布在10 km以下, 最大值为10~12 μm, 基本位于1~2 km高度上。从概率分布函数来看, 东亚地区冰/水云云滴数浓度的分布呈现明显的双峰型, 其他量基本为单峰型。本文的结果可以为全球和区域气候模式在东亚地区对以上云微物理量的模拟提供一定的观测参考依据。  相似文献   

Hydrodynamics and geomorphic work of jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) from Kverkfjöll volcano,Iceland     

Jonathan L. Carrivick 《水文研究》2007,21(6):725-740

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RTK在供水水文地质勘察测量中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

张书华 《山东国土资源》2007,23(3):11-13,20

本文阐述了RTK在供水水文地质勘察测量项目中的可行性及具体应用方法,并着重阐述采取何种措施才能达到其所需精度。通过实际应用,证明用该方法能够获得满足供水水文地质精度要求的测量成果。应用RTK测量,可使工作效率提高十倍以上,大大降低了测量成本。  相似文献   

蒙甘青地区白垩纪原型盆地分布特征及盆山格局   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李相博  陈启林  魏伟  左国朝  王琪  孟自芳 《地球科学与环境学报》2006,28(3):24-30

通过野外地质调查并结合前人资料,对蒙甘青地区白垩纪原型盆地沉积特征及盆山格局进行了研究。结果表明,白垩纪时期,因受北侧西伯利亚板块、东侧太平洋板块和西南印度板块共同影响,研究区由晚侏罗世的挤压和抬升作用进入松弛拉张裂陷阶段,早白垩世盆地沉降中心较侏罗纪向北迁移,发育了以坳陷和断陷为主的8个大小不一的沉积盆地群。晚白垩世本区受西南部印度板块与青藏高原碰撞对接的强烈影响,沉积盆地逐渐消失,此时沉积中心转移到祁连山东部及阿拉善一带,主要发育了2个沉积盆地群。早白垩世为本区烃源岩形成时期,研究该区白垩纪盆山构造发育及原型盆地沉积特征对寻找以白垩系为烃源岩的油气藏具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Quasi‐static analysis of elastic behavior for some systems having higher fracture densities     

James G. Berryman  Atilla Aydin 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2010,34(16):1687-1724

Elastic behavior of geomechanical systems with interacting (but not intersecting) fractures is treated using generalizations of the Backus and the Schoenberg–Muir methods for analyzing layered systems whose layers are intrinsically anisotropic due to locally aligned fractures. By permitting the axis of symmetry of the locally anisotropic compliance matrix for individual layers to differ from that of the layering direction, we derive analytical formulas for interacting fractured regions with arbitrary orientations to each other. This procedure provides a systematic tool for studying how contiguous, but not yet intersecting, fractured domains interact, and provides a direct (though approximate) means of predicting when and how such interactions lead to more dramatic weakening effects and ultimately to failure of these complicated systems. The method permits decomposition of the system elastic behavior into specific eigenmodes that can all be analyzed, and provides a better understanding about which of these specific modes are expected to be most important to the evolving failure process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Diffuse instabilities with transition to localization in loose granular materials     

Richard Wan  Mauricio Pinheiro  Ali Daouadji  Mohamad Jrad  Félix Darve 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(10):1292-1311

This paper is concerned with diffuse and other ensuing failure modes in geomaterials when tested under homogeneous states of shearing in various loading programs and drainage conditions. Material instability is indeed the basic property that accounts for the instability of an initially homogeneous deformation field leading to diffuse failure and strain localization in geomaterials. The former is normally characterized by a runaway type of failure accompanied with a sudden and violent collapse of the material in the absence of any localization phenomena. Against this backdrop, we present a brief overview of material instability in elastoplastic solids where one finds a rich source of theoretical concepts including bifurcation, strain localization, diffuse failure and second‐order work, as well as a considerable body of experiments. Some compelling laboratory experimental studies of material instability with focus to diffuse failure are then presented and interpreted based on the second‐order work. Finally, various material instability analyses using an elastoplastic constitutive and a general finite element analysis of the above‐mentioned laboratory experimental tests are presented as a boundary value problem. It is shown that instability can be captured from otherwise uniform stress, density and hydraulic states, whereas uniform deviatoric loads are being applied on the external boundaries of a specimen. Although the numerical simulations reproduce well the laboratory experimental results, they also highlight the hierarchy of failure modes where localization phenomena emerge in the post‐bifurcation regime as a result of a degradation of homogeneity starting from a diffuse mode signalled by a zero second‐order work. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effective stress concept in unsaturated soils: Clarification and validation of a unified framework     

Mathieu Nuth  Lyesse Laloui 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2008,32(7):771-801

The effective stress principle, conventionally applied in saturated soils, is reviewed for constitutive modelling purposes. The assumptions for the applicability of Terzaghi's single effective stress are recalled and its advantages are inventoried. The possible stress frameworks applicable to unsaturated soil modelling are reassessed in a comparative manner, specifically the Bishop's single effective stress, the independent stress variables approach and the generalized stress framework. The latter considerations lead to the definition of a unified stress context, suitable for modelling soils under different saturation states. In order to qualify the implications brought by the proposed stress framework, several experimental data sets are re‐examined in the light of the generalized effective stress. The critical state lines (CSLs) at different saturation states tend to converge remarkably towards a unique saturated line in the deviatoric stress versus mean effective stress plane. The effective stress interpretation is also applied to isotropic paths and compared with conventional net stress conception. The accent is finally laid on a second key feature for constitutive frameworks based on a unified stress, namely the sufficiency of a unique mechanical yield surface besides the unique CSL. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Matching hydrologic response to measured effective hydraulic conductivity     

Olga Vigiak  Simone J. E. van Dijck  E. Emiel van Loon  Leo Stroosnijder 《水文研究》2006,20(3):487-504

The objective of this study was to test the practicability of defining hydrologic response units as combinations of soil, land use and topography for modelling infiltration at the hillslope and catchment scales. In an experimental catchment in the East African Highlands (Kwalei, Tanzania), three methods of measuring infiltration were compared for their ability to capture the spatial variability of effective hydraulic conductivity: the constant head (CH) method; the tension infiltration (TI) method; and the mini‐rainfall simulation (RS) method. The three methods yielded different probability distributions of effective hydraulic conductivity and suggested different types of hydrologic response units. Independently from these measurements, the occurrence of infiltration‐excess overland flow was monitored over an area of 6 ha by means of overland flow detectors. The observed pattern of overland flow occurrence did not match any of the patterns suggested by the infiltration measurements. Instead, clusters of spots with overland flow were practically independent from field borders. Geostatistical analysis of the overland flow confirmed the absence of spatial correlation for distances over 40 m. The RS method yielded the pattern closest to the observations, probably because the method simulated better the processes that trigger infiltration‐excess overland flow, i.e. soil sealing and infiltration through macroporosity. The RS hydrologic response unit correlated significantly with observed overland flow frequency. However, the location of clusters and ‘hot spots’ of overland flow remained largely unexplained by land use, soil and topographic variables. It is concluded that using such landscape variables to define hydrologic units may create artificial boundaries that do no correspond to physical realities, especially if the stochastic component within hydrologic units is neglected. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Gypsies in the palace: experimentalist's view on the use of 3‐D physics‐based simulation of hillslope hydrological response     

April L. James  Jeffrey J. McDonnell  Ilja Tromp‐van Meerveld  Norman E. Peters 《水文研究》2010,24(26):3878-3893

As a fundamental unit of the landscape, hillslopes are studied for their retention and release of water and nutrients across a wide range of ecosystems. The understanding of these near‐surface processes is relevant to issues of runoff generation, groundwater–surface water interactions, catchment export of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, contaminants (e.g. mercury) and ultimately surface water health. We develop a 3‐D physics‐based representation of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed experimental hillslope using the TOUGH2 sub‐surface flow and transport simulator. A recent investigation of sub‐surface flow within this experimental hillslope has generated important knowledge of threshold rainfall‐runoff response and its relation to patterns of transient water table development. This work has identified components of the 3‐D sub‐surface, such as bedrock topography, that contribute to changing connectivity in saturated zones and the generation of sub‐surface stormflow. Here, we test the ability of a 3‐D hillslope model (both calibrated and uncalibrated) to simulate forested hillslope rainfall‐runoff response and internal transient sub‐surface stormflow dynamics. We also provide a transparent illustration of physics‐based model development, issues of parameterization, examples of model rejection and usefulness of data types (e.g. runoff, mean soil moisture and transient water table depth) to the model enterprise. Our simulations show the inability of an uncalibrated model based on laboratory and field characterization of soil properties and topography to successfully simulate the integrated hydrological response or the distributed water table within the soil profile. Although not an uncommon result, the failure of the field‐based characterized model to represent system behaviour is an important challenge that continues to vex scientists at many scales. We focus our attention particularly on examining the influence of bedrock permeability, soil anisotropy and drainable porosity on the development of patterns of transient groundwater and sub‐surface flow. Internal dynamics of transient water table development prove to be essential in determining appropriate model parameterization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Finite element formulation for poroelastic problem with zero effective stress boundary condition     

Bin Xu  Ron C. K. Wong 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(11):1425-1437

Zero effective stress boundary condition along with constant fluid flux is commonly encountered in geotechnical applications such as uncased borehole stability, fluid injection and production at an uncased borehole, hydraulic fracturing and sand production. This complex boundary condition introduces high nonlinearity in the numerical simulation. Conventional iterative methods such as Newton–Raphson method are required to solve this nonlinear problem iteratively, which involve huge computing time and also pose numerical difficulties on the convergence. To overcome this numerical difficulty and hence reduce the computing time, a novel numerical technique is proposed in this paper. Its performance is evaluated using a numerical example simulating fluid injection around an uncased borehole. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献