Analysis of flood propagation changes in the Kienstock—Bratislava reach of the Danube River/Analyse des changements de propagation des crues dans le tronçon Kienstock—Bratislava du Fleuve Danube     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4)

Abstract

In the first part of this study, a flood wave transformation analysis for the largest historical floods in the Danube River reach Kienstock–Bratislava was carried out. For the simulation of the historical (1899 and 1954) flood propagation, the nonlinear river model NLN-Danube (calibrated on the recent river reach conditions) was used. It was shown that the simulated peak discharges were not changed significantly when compared to their historical counterparts. However, the simulated hydrographs exhibit a significant acceleration of the flood wave movement at discharges of between 5000 and 9000 m³ s^-1. In the second part, the travel time-water level relationships between Kienstock and Bratislava were analysed on a dataset of the flood peak water levels for the period 1991–2002. An empirical regression routing scheme for the Danube short-term water level forecast at Bratislava station was derived. This is based on the measured water level at Kienstock gauging station.  相似文献   

An approach to determining the thicknesses of shear bands with an echelon‐crack structure     

G. S. Wang  L. W. Kong  C. F. Wei 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(6):618-640

In this paper, the internal structure of shear band is investigated, and a model of the shear band with an echelon crack structure is developed. The model assumes the shear band to be composed of two conjugate sets of echelon cracks, such that the smaller echelon cracks are embedded in the space of the larger ones. The additional strain induced by the echelon cracks and the anisotropic development of the compliance tensor in the shear band zone are analyzed. The critical crack density at the onset of shear band is obtained by applying the bifurcation condition. Deviating from previous approaches, the new procedure evaluates the thickness of shear band based on the geometrical characteristics of echelon crack arrays and the failure probability of grain boundaries in the longitudinal direction at the onset of shear band. Parametric analysis shows that grain size, internal friction angle, dilation angle, and failure probability of grain boundaries are the dominant factors that account for the shear band thickness. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. The model soundly explains that the measurements of the shear band thickness are generally scattered, ranging from 4 to 30 (or even more) times the grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mass Fractions of S,Cu, Se,Mo, Ag,Cd, In,Te, Ba,Sm, W,Tl and Bi in Geological Reference Materials and Selected Carbonaceous Chondrites Determined by Isotope Dilution ICP‐MS          下载免费PDF全文

Zaicong Wang  Harry Becker  Frank Wombacher 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(2):185-208

Mass fractions of S, Cu, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Te, Ba, Sm, W and Tl were determined by isotope dilution sector field ICP‐MS in the same sample aliquot of reference materials using HF‐HNO₃ digestion in PFA beakers in pressure bombs and glassy carbon vessels in a high‐pressure asher (HPA‐S) for comparison. Additionally, Bi was determined by internal standardisation relative to Tl. Because isobaric and oxide interferences pose problems for many of these elements, efficient chromatographic separation methods in combination with an Aridus desolvator were employed to minimise interference effects. Repeated digestion and measurement of geological reference materials (BHVO‐1, BHVO‐2, SCo‐1, MAG‐1, MRG‐1 and UB‐N) gave results with < 5% relative intermediate precision (1s) for most elements, except Bi. Replicates of NIST SRM 612 glass digested on a hot plate were analysed by the same methods, and the results agree with reference values mostly within 2% relative deviation. Data for the carbonaceous chondrites Allende, Murchison, Orgueil and Ivuna are also reported. Digestion in a HPA‐S was as efficient as in pressure bombs, but some elements displayed higher blank levels following HPA‐S treatment. Pressure bomb digestion yielded precise data for volatile S, Se and Te, but may result in high blanks for W.  相似文献   

大尺度雁列断层粘滑运动数值模拟     

王时  王想  陈定发  马广庆  王思思  董博 《地震地磁观测与研究》2018,39(6):23-30

通过ANSYS软件建立二维雁列断层模型,采用粘弹性力学参数,建立摩擦系数接触单元,模拟10万年时间大尺度雁列走滑断层活动（地震相关活动）,分析挤压条件下的断层活动特征,研究结果表明：①断层时空区域不同,所受应力也不同,接近贯通区域重合地区所受应力较大,粘滑运动剧烈,由贯通区域向断层两侧逐渐延伸,所受应力依次减小;②摩擦系数越小,地震发生频率越高,地震运动周期越短,则位错量相对较小,易发生震级较小地震;摩擦系数越大,地震发生频率越低,地震运动周期越长,则位错量相对较大,易发生震级较大地震;③给定的边界挤压速率越大,地震发生频率越高,地震运动周期越短,则位错量增大,易发生震级较大地震。  相似文献   

虹湾东缘雁列式月岭构造带形貌特征与成因模式研究          下载免费PDF全文

俞天石  颜丹平  许延波 《地学前缘》2012,19(6):37-46

月岭作为月海中一种广泛分布的线性构造,多表现为褶皱逆冲推覆为主的构造样式,且具雁列式展布。因此,月岭对月表区域乃至全月的构造应力分析有着非常重要的指示作用,但其成因机制不清。虹湾是中国嫦娥绕月探测工程研究的重点区域,区域内最明显的线性构造是虹湾东缘呈雁列式展布的月岭构造带,对这一月岭构造带的研究将有助于了解虹湾地区的区域应力特征和构造演化过程。文中通过对虹湾东缘雁列式月岭构造带的高分辨率影像进行解译并与其他区域对比分析,结合虹湾地区已有地质资料和前人提出的相关构造演化模式及目前最新的研究成果,认为虹湾东缘雁列式月岭构造带受虹湾撞击坑坑缘基底和表面玄武岩性影响,虹湾撞击盆地沉降引起的径向挤压应力和表面熔岩流导致的挤压应力由于方向与大小的差异,共同导致该月岭构造带呈类似走滑剪切中右阶左行的形貌特点。在此基础上讨论了此月岭构造带的演化过程,并根据月岭与撞击坑的交切关系,发现虹湾东缘月岭构造带在哥白尼纪仍在继续活动。  相似文献   

Enhancing the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Model for Community Food Access Mapping: Case of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program     

Xiang Chen 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):668-680

In this article, a Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) model is applied to evaluate the geographical accessibility to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-authorized retailers. First, the proposed method considers the interaction between the food supply (in terms of categorized benefit redemptions) and demand (in terms of benefit-receiving households). Second, the model is used to visualize food access patterns at the level of refined administrative units (i.e., census block groups). The developed food access metric was compared to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Access Research Atlas, justifying the validity of this new method for small area estimation. The following are important observations: (1) the choice of catchment size had a considerable impact on the accessibility measure in urban areas (or when small statistical units are used); (2) the 2SFCA measurement had a higher level of correspondence with that of the USDA Atlas at a smaller catchment size for identifying low food access units; and (3) there was no significant inequality regarding SNAP accessibility with respect to different socioeconomic deprivation variables. This new method can better assist the SNAP administration with store authorization on a refined geographic scale. Key Words: food access, inequality, scale, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA).  相似文献   

亚失稳阶段雁列断层热场演化的实验研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

任雅琼  刘培洵  马瑾  陈顺云 《地球物理学报》2013,56(7):2348-2357

寻找地震前兆是国内外地震预报的难点.在实验室开展岩石变形实验,观测相关物理量的演化特征和规律,是前兆探索中重要的基础工作.本文对压性雁列断层进行变形实验,根据应力时间曲线将具有前兆意义的变形阶段分为强偏离线性阶段、亚失稳阶段和失稳阶段,利用红外热像仪记录各个阶段的热场变化,特别是亚失稳阶段的热场表现.研究结果显示:强偏离线性阶段,岩桥区挤压升温;亚失稳阶段,断层带增温,且高温点扩展连通,断层带内侧卸载降温,断层带上的协同化增温和断层带内侧(包含岩桥区)的协同化降温是失稳前的重要信号;失稳阶段,应力释放,标本整体降温,只有断层带因摩擦升温.总之,亚失稳阶段的热场具有明显特征,利于识别出亚失稳态;不同变形阶段、不同构造部位温度变化不同,在寻找与构造活动相关的热异常时,应考虑变形所处的阶段及异常所处的构造部位.  相似文献   

DÉTERMINATION DU DÉBIT DES PUITS INCOMPLETS DE NAPPES LIBRES FONCÉS EN TERRAIN ISOTROPE ET ANISOTROPE     

D. LE GOURIÉRÈS 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):301-313

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the author relies on Darcy's law and on an hypothesis formulated from experimental considerations to establish a semi-empirical formula for the calculation of the discharge of partially penetrating wells of free aquifer sunk in isotropic soils.

This relatively simple relation applied to 27 cases studied under an experimental design or numerical computations, reveals itself to have an unexpected accuracy.

Starting from previous formula, the author establishes another one for partially penetrating wells bored in anisotropic soils.  相似文献   

Statistics of extremes and estimation of extreme rainfall: II. Empirical investigation of long rainfall records / Statistiques de valeurs extrêmes et estimation de précipitations extrêmes: II. Recherche empirique sur de longues séries de précipitations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4)

Abstract

Abstract In the first part of this study, theoretical analyses showed that the Gumbel distribution is quite unlikely to apply to hydrological extremes and that the extreme value distribution of type II (EV2) is a more consistent choice. Based on these theoretical analyses, an extensive empirical investigation is performed using a collection of 169 of the longest available rainfall records worldwide, each having 100–154 years of data. This verifies the theoretical results. In addition, it shows that the shape parameter of the EV2 distribution is constant for all examined geographical zones (Europe and North America), with value κ = 0.15. This simplifies the fitting and the general mathematical handling of the distribution, which become as simple as those of the Gumbel distribution.  相似文献   

莱州湾西构造带断裂特征及其对油气成藏的控制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王永利  武强  姚长华  王应斌  杨在发 《海洋地质译丛》2011,(1):28-32

受古近纪莱州湾凹陷大规模断陷、郯庐断裂右旋走滑和垦东凸起大规模隆升三方面因素共同作用,莱州湾西构造带断裂系统发育,根据断裂性质及发育规模将断裂划分为3组不同方向的断裂组合,对油气的运移、聚集及保存都产生重要影响。根据莱州湾地区油气成藏规律并结合渤海其他区域近年勘探成果综合分析,莱北1号断层、斜坡区东西向反向正断层和走滑末端雁行式断层三类大规模调节断层对于油气成藏影响作用较大,这三类断层所控制的圈闭也是莱州湾凹陷及围区下一步勘探获得突破的重点区域。  相似文献