识别断层活动和失稳的热场标志——实验室的证据   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

马瑾  马少鹏  刘培洵  刘力强 《地震地质》2008,30(2):363-382

利用一套双向伺服系统对含压性和张性雁列断层的标本进行变形实验,实验中应用红外热像仪和接触式测温仪同步记录岩石变形过程中热红外辐射的亮度温度场和温度场的变化;使用数字CCD相机同步采集标本表面的数字图像,并利用数字散斑方法对采集到的图像进行分析得到位移场和应变场的演化过程。实验结果表明:1)在断层贯通前压性雁列岩桥区温度最高,而张性雁列岩桥区温度最低;数字散斑结果显示压性岩桥区平均应变最高,而张性岩桥区平均应变最低。温度场对两类雁列断层在岩桥区相反的受力状态有清晰的响应,可以为判断断层应力状态提供标志。2)雁列断层经历了从岩桥区应力积累、破坏到断层失稳错动两个变形阶段,升温机制也由应变升温变为摩擦升温;伴随升温机制的转变,在岩桥区观测到断层失稳错动前的破坏降温、温度快速起伏以及升温脉冲等现象,是观测失稳前兆的最佳部位。3)在雁列岩桥区裂纹端点附近观测到升温脉冲,表现为温度快升快降,随后即出现断层带的快速升温。升温脉冲现象可能与裂纹端部的应力奇异集中和破裂扩展引起的应力释放有关。裂纹端部的扩展是断层失稳错动的条件,随后断层带的升温正是断层失稳错动造成的。断层带开始升温发生在失稳前2～3s内,岩桥区的降温发生在失稳  相似文献   

The stress field and rupture feature in compound model containing typical cracks system and hard-inclusion     

崔晓峰  宋锦良  方陆鹏  聂永安  陈宇坤 《地震学报(英文版)》1999,12(6):640-646

IntroductionMet(1995,1996)presentedhard-inclusionearthquakepreparationmodebasingonintraplatemacroseismicityandtempo-spatialevolutioncharacteristicsofprecursoryabnormalfieldssuchasseismicitygapandhighQvalueappearinginawideareaaroundepicenterbeforestrongearthquakes.Somedeepstructure,mechanicalanalysisandrockmechanicaltestconcernedhaveprovidedsupportingevidenceforthemode.Oneofthemostimportantachievementsofmodernseismologyisconfirmingthatearthquakes(especiallyforshallowfocusshocks)causedbyfaultext…  相似文献   

测量学教学体系改革的深层构想——面向资源环境与城乡规划管理专业的理性思考   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

楚纯洁  鲁迪  马建华 《测绘科学》2009,34(4)

从资源环境与城乡规划管理专业的学科定位对测量学课程进行定性,从更新教育观念的角度提出教学体系改革的指导思想,以此确定测量学课程的培养目标与课程规格并指导教学体系的设计。提出了测量学教学体系的系统结构模式,并按教学理论与教学实践两大部分,经典测量学、测绘新技术与测量学应用三个模块构建了教学体系的基本内容。  相似文献   

近50 a鄂西山区雾和轻雾发生频次的非对称变化特征     

栾天  杨军  骆亚军  熊守权 《南京气象学院学报》2013,5(3):216-221

以湖北西部山区宣恩站为例,利用1959-2009年的地面气象观测资料,对鄂西山区雾和轻雾的气候特征进行分析.结果表明,宣恩年雾日数平均为29 d,总体上呈减少趋势.该地区雾在每个月都有发生,冬季发生频率最高,夏季发生频率最低;该地区年轻雾日数总体上与年雾日数变化趋势相反,呈上升趋势,各月月平均轻雾日数在9~15 d之间,12月平均轻雾日最多,5月平均轻雾日最少.通过分析宣恩51 a来各气象要素的特征发现,夜晚最低气温呈上升趋势,相对湿度和降水变化不明显,14时能见度≥20 km的年日数呈下降趋势.分析认为,雾和轻雾发生频次的非对称变化趋势可能与大气中气溶胶粒子增多有关.  相似文献   

辽河东部凹陷走滑构造及其与火山岩分布的关系   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李思伟  王璞珺  丁秀春  方炳钟  冯玉辉  孙晓猛 《地质论评》2014,60(3):591-600

走滑构造可分为压扭和张扭两类,平面上主干走滑断裂都表现为一条贯通性的走滑构造带,剖面上前者表现为正花状构造(向上撒开的逆断层组),后者表现为负花状构造(向上散开的正断层组)。它们的伴生构造在平面上分别表现为与主干走滑断裂共生的雁列褶皱、雁列逆断层(压扭)和雁列正断层(张扭)。在实际剖面中由于构造应力场的变化还常见由正—负花状构造组合的复合花状构造。在平行于走滑构造带方向,有时断层面倾角会变化,直至倾向相反(丝带效应);走滑断裂带各点所受的应力可从挤压(褶皱)—逆断变为伸展—正断(海豚效应)。走滑断裂在火山岩盆地中普遍发育,是构造—火山作用关系研究的重要方面。研究区走滑断裂系统由贯通性主干走滑断裂和伴生构造两部分组成。主干走滑断裂平面上侧向延伸长,其附近多为与之成锐角相交的雁列正断层组;剖面上同时出现负花状构造和正花状构造,断层面陡倾且有时两侧地层厚度不等。根据雁列构造与主干断层间锐角指示方向和断层切割层位可判别,该区于古近纪主要发育右旋走滑断裂系。火山岩分布明显受走滑断裂带控制,火山喷发中心沿主干断裂呈串珠状分布;火山岩厚度于主干断裂附近最大,向两侧减薄,多终止于次级断裂附近;厚度大于1 km的火山岩距主干断裂通常在2 km范围内。  相似文献   

四川盆地中部主干走滑断裂带及伴生构造特征与演化     

管树巍  梁瀚  姜华  付小东  谷明峰  雷明  陈涛  杨荣军 《地学前缘》2022,29(6):252-264

根据下—中三叠统嘉陵江组和雷口坡组膏盐岩层内的伴生构造及上震旦统灯影组台缘带被错动的位置、方向与距离,判定川中及北斜坡地区主干走滑断裂带的性质与分布规律。嘉陵江组和雷口坡组膏盐岩层内发育多排呈左阶排列的NW向雁列式构造,与深部(盐下)走滑断裂构成2种伴生组合。第1种组合主要发育在磨溪地区,膏盐岩层内的雁列式构造位于深部走滑断裂的正上方;第2种组合主要发育在北斜坡地区,膏盐岩层内的雁列式构造发育在2条主干走滑断裂带之间。根据这2种组合及灯影组台缘带的错动位置,共识别出6条主干走滑断裂带。在盆地整体演化格架的制约下,通过川中地区代表性生长构造的定量解析,将走滑断裂演化划分为3个阶段:(1)晚奥陶世—志留纪右行走滑阶段;(2)晚古生代—三叠纪走滑断裂沉寂阶段;(3)中侏罗世至今左行走滑阶段。其中,上震旦统灯影组二段台缘带呈现出有规律的向东逐段错动(错动距离20~40 km)的特征,可作为加里东期右行走滑活动的间接证据;川中及北斜坡地区在晚三叠世处于扬子地块北缘和雪峰山前陆盆地前缘隆起的隆后稳定地区,而中侏罗世以来周缘造山带的急剧隆升与差异性演化使得川中地区遭受持续的挤压和抬升,激发了基底断裂与早期走滑断裂的再次活动。  相似文献   

Multi-layer perceptrons with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm for suspended sediment concentration prediction and estimation / Prévision et estimation de la concentration en matières en suspension avec des perceptrons multi-couches et l’algorithme d’apprentissage de Levenberg-Marquardt     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)

Abstract

Abstract The prediction and estimation of suspended sediment concentration are investigated by using multi-layer perceptrons (MLP). The fastest MLP training algorithm, that is the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, is used for optimization of the network weights for data from two stations on the Tongue River in Montana, USA. The first part of the study deals with prediction and estimation of upstream and down-stream station sediment data, separately, and the second part focuses on the estimation of downstream suspended sediment data by using data from both stations. In each case, the MLP test results are compared to those of generalized regression neural networks (GRNN), radial basis function (RBF) and multi-linear regression (MLR) for the best-input combinations. Based on the comparisons, it was found that the MLP generally gives better suspended sediment concentration estimates than the other neural network techniques and the conventional statistical method (MLR). However, for the estimation of maximum sediment peak, the RBF was mostly found to be better than the MLP and the other techniques. The results also indicate that the RBF and GRNN may provide better performance than the MLP in the estimation of the total sediment load.  相似文献   

Avenir des ressources en eau glaciaire de la Cordillère Blanche / On the future of the water resources from glacier melting in the Cordillera Blanca,Peru     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)

Abstract

The hydrological data (since 1953) of the Llanganuco basin (87.0 km², 39% glacierized) show an increase of the glacial melting during the last quarter of the 20th century. These results were supplemented (since the end of 2000) by the data of the small basin of Artesoncocha (8.4 km², 79% glacierized). The basin runoff is well correlated to the atmospheric temperature derived from the NOAA-NCEP re-analysis above the Cordillera Blanca. At the monthly time scale, the temperature is a good proxy of the glacier melting. The retreat of several glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca has been well documented for 50 years, highlighting an acceleration of the deglaciation in the mid-1970s. The use of these data of various origins permits one to model the behaviour of glaciers, especially the meltwater production, and then to predict their future evolution. The model was calibrated over the 1950–2000 period, thus providing a possible optimistic evolution range (underestimation if the climate change becomes more intense). The forcing of the model by forecasts of the future temperature evolution above the Cordillera Blanca, derived from the regionalization of global climatic models, allows improvement of the estimations only based on past glacial behaviour.  相似文献   

Stream depletion by a pumping well including the effects of nonlinear variation of captured evaporation from a phreatic aquifer / Vidange en cours d’eau par puits de pompage incluant les effets de la variation non-linéaire de l’évaporation capturée d’une nappe à surface libre     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3)

Abstract

Abstract A study was made to develop a model that can be used to predict the steady-state stream depletion rates caused by a continuous pumping well located in a water table aquifer. The effects of nonlinear variation of evaporation with the depth to water table on steady-state stream depletion rate were investigated using model results. Dimensional analysis was used to determine the relationship between the scaled steady-state stream depletion, the scaled pumping distance, the scaled hydraulic conductivity, and the scaled initial depth to the water table. A dimensionless graph was developed for a wide range of these parameters. Analysis of this graph showed that the steady-state stream depletion rate decreases as the pumping distance between the well and the stream increases. The dimensionless graph also showed that steady-state stream depletion rates strongly depended on the initial position of the water table. Analysis indicated that, as the saturated conductivity increased, the effect of the initial position of the water table on the magnitude of stream depletion rate was more influential. Analysis also showed that, as the value of saturated conductivity decreased, the relative error produced by the assumption that at steady state all the pumped water is captured from the evaporation, also decreased.  相似文献   

Relations entre la géométrie des zones de faille et quelques paramètres mécaniques : apport de modèles analogiques     

J.F. Gamond 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(2):91-102

Résumé

Les failles naturelles correspondent à des zones d’une certaine largeur, composées de fractures élémentaires en échelons. Plusieurs exemples de zones de failles, d’échelles très diverses, permettent de montrer que ces fractures élémentaires forment selon les cas différents types d’associations que l’on cherche à relier aux conditions mécaniques de formation de la zone de discontinuité.

Pour cela on réalise des modèles analogiques de zones de faille par cisaillement direct sur des argiles en faisant varier la contrainte normale, la teneur en eau et la vitesse de sollicitation.

On montre ainsi que l’accroissement de la contrainte normale à la zone de discontinuité qui se traduit par des fractures élémentaires correspondant à un comportement de plus en plus pseudo-plastique fait diminuer l’emprise de la zone et la longueur des fractures mais accroît leur nombre. Lorsque le matériau n’est pas saturé l’augmentation de la teneur en fluides a, sur la fracturation élémentaire un effet de même sens que celui de l’accroissement de a». Lorsque le matériau est saturé l’accroissement de la vitesse de sollicitation a un effet inverse de celui de l’augmentation de a?.  相似文献