Anisotropic cosmological models with bulk viscosity for variable <Emphasis Type="Italic">G</Emphasis> and Λ     

Subenoy Chakraborty  Anusua Roy 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2008,313(4):389-392

In this paper we have considered axially symmetric Bianchi-I, Kantowski Sachs and Bianchi-III space-time models with bulk viscosity, where the gravitational constant G and the cosmological term Λ vary with time. In Einstein equations this variation in G and Λ are taken in such a way as to preserve the energy momentum tensor. Solutions are obtained with the cosmological term varying inversely with square of time.  相似文献   

基于GeoStudio的边坡稳定性分析及支护方案选择的理论探讨     

何保  宋帅 《地质与勘探》2019,55(5):1329-1335

本文选择大连市中山区长利巷地区的边坡,通过现场采取岩土样,进行室内试验得出各地层力学物理参数,对边坡进行稳定性分析。针对目前所拥有的模拟软件与方法,分析并筛选出适合该边坡的模拟软件。利用GeoStudio软件建模、模拟,使用Morgenstern-Price方法进行计算,通过分析得到计算结果,该边坡的安全安全系数为1. 127,认为其属于不稳定边坡。对于不稳定边坡,本文对主流的边坡支护方法进行分析筛选,拟采用扶壁式挡土墙支护方案对其进行预防。根据规范设计挡土墙尺寸,并对该挡土墙进行抗倾覆抗滑移验算,得出的验算安全系数满足规范要求,由此可得知该支护方案方法合理,技术可行。  相似文献   

开合旋构造体系及其形成机制探讨:兼论板块构造的动力学机制     

杨巍然  姜春发  张抗  郭铁鹰 《地学前缘》2019,26(1):337-355

开合构造总体上可以表述为:地球膨胀为开,收缩为合;垂向上地球物质离心(地心)运动为开,向心运动为合;水平方向上地球物质相背运动为开,相向运动为合。从驱动机制角度,我们把以热力(热能)为主体驱动的上浮物质运动定义为开;将重力(势能)为主体驱动的下沉物质运动定义为合。因此,开与合是一个高度综合的概念,具有广阔的内涵,开合运动是联系一切地质运动和地质科学的纽带。开合运动具有同步统一性,即垂向的开在水平方向也表现为开;垂向开得强烈,水平方向同样开得强烈,反之亦然。地球刚形成时诸多开合构造是无序的,地球的旋转运动统领地球上所有物质、能量、运动和大大小小的各种开合构造于旋转运动中,并将它们调剂到有序状态。简言之开合构造体系是开合旋运动长期作用下形成的不同时期、不同层次、不同级别的开合旋回组成的动态平衡构造体系。本文总结了地球开合旋构造体系物质组成、结构构造特征和规律,建立了开合旋复杂构造体系简要模型。提出平衡体系的形成机制是开合旋运动遵循地球重力均衡准则、最小内能原理(结晶化)、几何淘汰生长(垂直地心生长)和物质均匀化四条自然演化规律,其中重力均衡准则是主导的。由于地质事件(构造运动)在破坏开合旋平衡体系的同时,经常直接或间接向体系内输入新能量,往往使新的旋回比老旋回的结构构造更符合地质演化的自然规律,于是使地球显得更强大而有活力。这一次又一次的地质事件(构造运动)是开合旋构造体系螺旋式向前发展的动因。本文最后用开合构造观点探讨了地球的形成和演化,分析了板块构造运动的动力学过程。  相似文献   

Global method for stability analysis of anchored slopes     

Tan Zhang  Hong Zheng  Cong Sun 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(1):124-137

Based on the global method, an approach is proposed to consider the effect of anchor reinforcement on slope stability, where equilibrium conditions are formulated in terms of the whole slip body. Anchor pre-tension is assumed to be undertaken by the whole slip body instead of individual slices, causing internal force within slope more realistic. Meanwhile, the optimization model for locating the critical slip surface is of weak nonlinearity and easy to solve using the conventional optimization procedures. The effects of anchoring orientation and position are thoroughly investigated, and interesting results are obtained.  相似文献   

Grain‐scale pressure variations and chemical equilibrium in high‐grade metamorphic rocks     

L. Tajčmanová  Y. Podladchikov  R. Powell  E. Moulas  J.C. Vrijmoed  J.A.D. Connolly 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2014,32(2):195-207

In the classical view of metamorphic microstructures, fast viscous relaxation (and so constant pressure) is assumed, with diffusion being the limiting factor in equilibration. This contribution is focused on the only other possible scenario – fast diffusion and slow viscous relaxation – and brings an alternative interpretation of microstructures typical of high‐grade metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the pressure vessel mechanical model applied to pressure variation associated with coesite inclusions in various host minerals, a multi‐anvil mechanical model is proposed in which strong single crystals and weak grain boundaries can maintain pressure variation at geological time‐scales in a polycrystalline material. In such a mechanical context, exsolution lamellae in feldspar are used to show that feldspar can sustain large differential stresses (>10 kbar) at geological time‐scales. Furthermore, it is argued that the existence of grain‐scale pressure gradients combined with diffusional equilibrium may explain chemical zoning preserved in reaction rims. Assuming zero net flux across the microstructure, an equilibrium thermodynamic method is introduced for inferring pressure variation corresponding to the chemical zoning. This new barometric method is applied to plagioclase rims around kyanite in felsic granulite (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic), yielding a grain‐scale pressure variation of 8 kbar. In this approach, kinetic factors are not invoked to account for mineral composition zoning preserved in rocks metamorphosed at high grade.  相似文献   

极限平衡方法在夏日哈木镍钴矿山拟建露天采场边坡角优化中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

李军 《山东国土资源》2020,36(11)

夏日哈木镍钴矿为大型镍钴硫化物矿床,现拟建大型露天采场,边坡采用分台阶式高边坡,最高边坡高度超过600m。该工程具有开挖成本高,边坡一但失稳后果严重的特点。为此需要选择一个即节约经济成本又保障整体边坡稳定的最佳边坡角。本文采取Geostudio软件中的Slope模块极限平衡方法对拟建露天采场假设开挖边坡角的整体边坡稳定性进行分析,提出最佳设计边坡角。　本次边坡角优化的思路：首先根据场地工程地质条件和拟建边坡的高度等因素将拟建边坡划分为5个区,选择典型边坡工程地质剖面并进行工程地质岩体分段,然后通过岩石强度指标折减计算（本文采用费辛柯法、M.Georgi法和经验法）给各分段的岩体赋予凝聚力、内摩擦角等计算参数,采用极限平衡方法（Geostudio软件中的Slope模块法）对不同角度下对各分区边坡的破坏形式及安全系数进行计算,最后提出了各分区边坡的最佳设计边坡角。  相似文献   

Defining deep decarbonization pathways for Switzerland: an economic evaluation     

Frédéric Babonneau  Philippe Thalmann 《Climate Policy》2018,18(1):1-13

This article simulates deep decarbonization pathways for a small open economy that lacks the usual avenues for large CO₂ reductions – heavy industry and power generation. A computable general equilibrium model is used to assess the energy and economic impacts of the transition to only one ton of CO₂ emissions per capita in 2050. This represents a 76% reduction with respect to 1990 levels, while the population is expected to be 46% larger and GPD to increase by 90%. The article discusses several options and scenarios that are compatible with this emissions target and compares them with a reference scenario that extrapolates already-decided climate and energy policy instruments. We show that the ambitious target is attainable at moderate welfare costs, even if it needs very high carbon prices, and that these costs are lower when either CO₂ can be captured and sequestered or electricity consumption can be taxed sufficiently to stabilize it.

Policy relevance

In the context of COP 21, all countries must propose intended contributions that involve deep decarbonization of their economy over the next decades. This article defines and analyses such pathways for Switzerland, taking into consideration the existing energy demand and supply and also already-defined climate policies. It draws several scenarios that are compatible with a target of 1 ton of CO₂ emissions per capita in 2050. This objective is very challenging, especially with the nuclear phase out decided after the disaster in Fukushima and the political decision to balance electricity trade. Nevertheless, it is possible to design several feasible pathways that are based on different options. The economic cost is significant but affordable for the Swiss economy. The insights are relevant not only for Switzerland, but also for other industrialized countries when defining their INDCs.  相似文献   

地下水化学组分存在形式的计算及其意义   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王东胜  曾溅辉 《水文地质工程地质》1999,26(6):48-51

地下水化学组分形式的定量研究是水岩作用模拟计算的基础,本文系统地介绍了利用化学热力学平衡理论定量计算化学组分形式的理论与方法,并石家庄平原地下水中化学组分形式的分布,结果表明,构成地下水化学组分形式主要为络阴离子和单一离子,但ＣａＳＯ＾０４,ＭｇＳＯ＾０４和ＣａＣＨＯ＾＋３是地下水化学组成不可忽视的络合形式,这些络合组分随着ＴＤＳ和ＳＯ＾２－４总量的升高上游到下民占比例逐渐升高,络合形式的存在不仅  相似文献   

挡土结构古典内力计算方法的讨论     

郑刚  顾晓鲁 《岩土力学》1999,20(2):67-70

根据软土地区大量基坑支护的经验,对目前挡土结构古典内力计算常用的平衡法（悬臂结构）、等值梁法（单支撑结构）和弹性抗力法的计算结果进行了分析与比较,指出了古典内力计算方法的适用性。  相似文献   

Rapid adjustment of shoreline behavior to changing seasonality of storms: observations and modelling at an open‐coast beach          下载免费PDF全文

Kristen D. Splinter  Ian L. Turner  Mika Reinhardt  Gerben Ruessink 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(8):1186-1194

An 8‐year time series of weekly shoreline data collected at the Gold Coast, Australia, is used to examine the temporal evolution of a beach, focusing on the frequency response of the shoreline to time‐varying wave height and period. Intriguingly, during 2005 the movement of the shoreline at this site changed from a seasonally‐dominated mode (annual cycle) to a storm‐dominated (~monthly) mode. This unexpected observation provides the opportunity to explore the drivers of the observed shoreline response. Utilizing the calibration of an equilibrium shoreline model to explore the time‐scales of underlying beach behavior, the best‐fit frequency response (days^?1) is shown to be an order of magnitude higher post‐2004, suggesting that a relatively subtle change in wave forcing can drive a significant change in shoreline response. Analysis of available wave data reveals a statistically significant change in the seasonality of storms, from predominantly occurring at the start of the year pre‐2005 to being relatively consistent throughout the year after this time. The observed change from one mode of shoreline variability to another suggests that beaches can adapt relatively quickly to subtle changes in the intra‐annual distribution of wave energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献