A meshfree method for fully coupled analysis of flow and deformation in unsaturated porous media     

A. Khoshghalb  N. Khalili 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(7):716-743

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Topographically moderated soil water seasons impact vegetation dynamics in semiarid mountain catchments: Illustrations from the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed,Idaho, USA     

Michael J. Poulos  Toni J. Smith  Shawn G. Benner  Jennifer L. Pierce  Alejandro N. Flores  Mark S. Seyfried  James P. McNamara 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14421

Water stored in soils, in part, controls vegetation productivity and the duration of growing seasons in wildland ecosystems. Soil water is the dynamic product of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil properties, all of which vary across complex terrain making it challenging to decipher the specific controls that soil water has on growing season dynamics. We assess how soil water use by plants varies across elevations and aspects in the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho, USA, a mountainous, semiarid catchment that spans low elevation rain to high elevation snow regimes. We compare trends in soil water and soil temperature with corresponding trends in insolation, precipitation and vegetation productivity, and we observe trends in the timing, rate and duration of soil water extraction by plants across ranges in elevation and aspect. The initiation of growth-supporting conditions, indicated by soil warming, occurs 58 days earlier at lower, compared with higher, elevations. However, growth-supporting conditions also end earlier at lower elevations due to the onset of soil water depletion 29 days earlier than at higher elevations. A corresponding shift in peak NDVI timing occurs 61 days earlier at lower elevations. Differences in timing also occur with aspect, with most threshold timings varying by 14–30 days for paired north- and south-facing sites at similar elevations. While net primary productivity nearly doubles at higher elevations, the duration of the warm-wet period of active water use does not vary systematically with elevation. Instead, the greater ecosystem productivity is related to increased soil water storage capacity, which supports faster soil water use and growth rates near the summer solstice and peak insolation. Larger soil water storage does not appear to extend the duration of the growing season, but rather supports higher growing season intensity when wet-warm soil conditions align with high insolation. These observations highlight the influence of soil water storage capacity in dictating ecological function in these semiarid steppe climatic regimes.  相似文献   

Evaluation of an empirical orthogonal function–based method to downscale soil moisture patterns based on topographical attributes     

Frederick A. Busch  Jeffrey D. Niemann  Michael Coleman 《水文研究》2012,26(18):2696-2709

Soil moisture influences many hydrologic applications including agriculture, land management and flood prediction. Most remote‐sensing methods that estimate soil moisture produce coarse resolution patterns, so methods are required to downscale such patterns to the resolutions required by these applications (e.g. 10‐ to 30‐m grid cells). At such resolutions, topography is known to affect soil moisture patterns. Although methods have been proposed to downscale soil moisture based on topography, they usually require the availability of past high‐resolution soil moisture patterns from the application region. The objective of this article is to determine whether a single topographic‐based downscaling method can be used at multiple locations without relying on detailed local observations. The evaluated downscaling method is developed on the basis of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of space–time soil moisture data at a reference catchment. The most important EOFs are then estimated from topographic attributes, and the associated expansion coefficients are estimated on the basis of the spatial‐average soil moisture. To test the portability of this EOF‐based method, it is developed separately using four data sets (Tarrawarra, Tarrawarra 2, Cache la Poudre and Satellite Station), and the relationships that are derived from these data sets to estimate the EOFs and expansion coefficients are compared. In addition, each of these downscaling methods is applied not only for the catchment where it was developed but also to the other three catchments. The results suggest that the EOF downscaling method performs well for the location where it is developed, but its performance degrades when applied to other catchments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Development of a continuous soil moisture accounting procedure for curve number methodology and its behaviour with different evapotranspiration methods     

N. Kannan  C. Santhi  J. R. Williams  J. G. Arnold 《水文研究》2008,22(13):2114-2121

The curve number (CN) method is widely used for rainfall–runoff modelling in continuous hydrologic simulation models. A sound continuous soil moisture accounting procedure is necessary for models using the CN method. For shallow soils and soils with low storage, the existing methods have limitations in their ability to reproduce the observed runoff. Therefore, a simple one‐parameter model based on the Soil Conservation Society CN procedure is developed for use in continuous hydrologic simulation. The sensitivity of the model parameter to runoff predictions was also analysed. In addition, the behaviour of the procedure developed and the existing continuous soil moisture accounting procedure used in hydrologic models, in combination with Penman–Monteith and Hargreaves evapotranspiration (ET) methods was also analysed. The new CN methodology, its behaviour and the sensitivity of the depletion coefficient (model parameter) were tested in four United States Geological Survey defined eight‐digit watersheds in different water resources regions of the USA using the SWAT model. In addition to easy parameterization for calibration, the one‐parameter model developed performed adequately in predicting runoff. When tested for shallow soils, the parameter is found to be very sensitive to surface runoff and subsurface flow and less sensitive to ET. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Process identification at a slow‐moving landslide in the Vorarlberg Alps     

Falk Lindenmaier  Erwin Zehe  Angela Dittfurth  Jürgen Ihringer 《水文研究》2005,19(8):1635-1651

A fine‐grained slope that exhibits slow movement rates was investigated to understand how geohydrological processes contribute to a consecutive development of mass movements in the Vorarlberg Alps, Austria. For that purpose intensive hydrometeorological, hydrogeological and geotechnical observations as well as surveying of surface movement rates were conducted during 1998–2001. Subsurface water dynamics at the creeping slope turned out to be dominated by a three‐dimensional pressure system. The pressure reaction is triggered by fast infiltration of surface water and subsequent lateral water flow in the south‐western part of the hillslope. The related pressure signal was shown to propagate further downhill, causing fast reactions of the piezometric head at 5·5 m depth on a daily time scale. The observed pressure reactions might belong to a temporary hillslope water body that extends further downhill. The related buoyancy forces could be one of the driving forces for the mass movement. A physically based hydrological model was adopted to model simultaneously surface and subsurface water dynamics including evapotranspiration and runoff production. It was possible to reproduce surface runoff and observed pressure reactions in principle. However, as soil hydraulic functions were only estimated on pedotransfer functions, a quantitative comparison between observed and simulated subsurface dynamics is not feasible. Nevertheless, the results suggest that it is possible to reconstruct important spatial structures based on sparse observations in the field which allow reasonable simulations with a physically based hydrological model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Least‐square support vector machine applied to settlement of shallow foundations on cohesionless soils     

Pijush Samui  T. G. Sitharam 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2008,32(17):2033-2043

This paper examines the potential of least‐square support vector machine (LSVVM) in the prediction of settlement of shallow foundation on cohesionless soil. In LSSVM, Vapnik's ε‐insensitive loss function has been replaced by a cost function that corresponds to a form of ridge regression. The LSSVM involves equality instead of inequality constraints and works with a least‐squares cost function. The five input variables used for the LSSVM for the prediction of settlement are footing width (B), footing length (L), footing net applied pressure (P), average standard penetration test value (N) and footing embedment depth (d). Comparison between LSSVM and some of the traditional interpretation methods are also presented. LSSVM has been used to compute error bar. The results presented in this paper clearly highlight that the LSSVM is a robust tool for prediction of settlement of shallow foundation on cohesionless soil. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

土壤含水量对桉树幼苗生长及生物量分配的影响     

李林锋 《广东海洋大学学报》2004,24(1):68-71

以尾叶桉U6无性系为研究材料,盆栽于土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的100%(Ⅰ)、80%(Ⅱ,CK)、60%(Ⅲ)和40%(Ⅳ)条件下30 d,研究不同土壤含水量对桉树幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响.结果表明:不同土壤含水量显著影响桉树幼苗的生长和生物量分配.与对照组相比,60%和40%土壤含水量下桉树幼苗的株高、地径、叶片数、叶面积、根长和侧根数分别减少37.8%、33.6%、52.1%、68.9%、44.0%、37.5%和44.4%、40.4%、60.8%、77.5%、51.6%、48.9% ;总生物量、根、茎、叶生物量分别减少53 .5%、22.4%、57.9%、62.0%和63.9%、26.2%、59.7%、78.9% .100%土壤含水量下上述各项指标值均有所增加,说明桉树幼苗仍有一定增长潜力,然其水分利用效率不高,生产上不实用.水分亏缺使桉树幼苗倾向于将更多的资源分配给根系生长,增大根/茎比,降低其利用价值.  相似文献   

变形预测的逆多元统计模型     

王有良  唐跃刚  李遵建 《测绘科学》2009,34(6)

测量和预测目标点的空间变形是掌握变形体稳定性的重要手段,本文论证了逆多元统计预测模型用于滑坡的稳定性分析,利用变形点的空间三维移动量模拟时间的变化特征,与正常的时间序列进行对比,检验变形体的稳定性。并结合实例说明了在滑坡变形分析中逆多元统计模型的实用性和可靠性。  相似文献   

降雨量、土壤蓄水量对流动沙地土壤水分深层渗漏的影响     

吴丽丽  刘丹一  杨文斌  王涛  李卫  冯金超  冯伟 《中国沙漠》2020,40(3):210-218

土壤水分深层渗漏是陆地近地层水分循环的重要环节。利用土壤水分深层渗漏记录仪对毛乌素沙地典型流动沙丘不同深度土层的土壤渗漏水量连续进行两年定点监测。结果表明：（1）2016年生长季（4月1日至10月31日）降水量为2017年的1.93倍，但50、100、200 cm沙层的渗漏水量分别是2017年同期的4.53、5.53，5.22倍。同时，渗漏水量与降雨量及土壤蓄水量的波峰较一致。（2）强降雨对深层渗漏水量的影响较大，土壤蓄水量的变化也与深层渗漏水量密切相关；降雨量较小时，土壤蓄水量与深层渗漏水量之间的关系更为密切。在连续降雨过程中，越往深处，渗漏的产生通常是多次降雨过程累积的结果，将土壤蓄水量作为中间变量，能更好地分析土壤深层渗漏过程。（3）当天蓄水量与次日渗漏水量的相关系数较高，土层越深，深层渗漏水量与土壤蓄水量的相关系数增加，二者之间的线性拟合的R²也相应增加。  相似文献   

干旱荒漠区土地利用方式快速转变对土壤入渗性能的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

张润霞  赵学勇  李晶  吕文强  柴媛媛  岳红琴 《中国沙漠》2020,40(4):146-153

研究不同土地利用类型下土壤入渗及其影响因素，有助于城市土地利用管理及径流调节。以快速城市化的兰州新区6种土地利用类型为例，利用圆盘入渗仪，对土壤水分入渗过程进行了实地测量，并利用主成分分析对影响因素进行研究。结果表明：城市化过程中土地利用变化使土壤砂粒和容重增加，总孔隙度和饱和含水量降低；待建地和人工林地的土壤入渗参数值均低于其他土地利用类型。土壤入渗率与有机质含量、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、粉粒含量正相关，与容重和砂粒、黏粒含量负相关。城市化过程中土地利用类型向待建地的转变改变了土壤理化性质及土壤水分入渗能力。  相似文献