Research Approaches for Understanding,Enhancing, and Monitoring Community Resilience     

Helen Ross  Fikret Berkes 《社会与自然资源》2014,27(8):787-804

The growing interest in the understanding of community resilience suggests a need for improving research approaches. This article reviews methods used to date, and suggests opportunities for expanding the range and efficacy of approaches used to understand, improve, and monitor the coupled social and ecological aspects of community resilience. We explore three potential foci: research approaches that enhance understanding of community resilience; those that help to improve community resilience through the research process; and the further development of methods to guide monitoring. Most studies have relied on mixed and multistaged methods, including in-depth interviews and case studies. We comment on the wide range of approaches used, and suggest others that could be valuable. There is particular scope for greater use of cumulative studies, historical or retrospective studies, participatory methods, and systems approaches, and a need for more methods that explore the coupling of social and ecological dimensions.  相似文献   

ANN application for prediction of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to aquatic ecosystems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Palani S  Tkalich P  Balasubramanian R  Palanichamy J 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(6):1198-1206

The occurrences of increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition (ADN) in Southeast Asia during smoke haze episodes have undesired consequences on receiving aquatic ecosystems. A successful prediction of episodic ADN will allow a quantitative understanding of its possible impacts. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is used to estimate atmospheric deposition of total nitrogen (TN) and organic nitrogen (ON) concentrations to coastal aquatic ecosystems. The selected model input variables were nitrogen species from atmospheric deposition, Total Suspended Particulates, Pollutant Standards Index and meteorological parameters. ANN models predictions were also compared with multiple linear regression model having the same inputs and output. ANN model performance was found relatively more accurate in its predictions and adequate even for high-concentration events with acceptable minimum error. The developed ANN model can be used as a forecasting tool to complement the current TN and ON analysis within the atmospheric deposition-monitoring program in the region.  相似文献   

近30年来青海省三江源区草地的土壤侵蚀时空分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

黄麟  邵全琴  刘纪远 《地球信息科学学报》2011,13(1):12-21

分析了青海省三江源区草地生态系统土壤侵蚀的空间差异,以及草地退化与土壤侵蚀的关系,并对该区近30年来土壤侵蚀的动念变化进行描述.结果表明,该区域微度以上土壤侵蚀面积占源区总面积的46.47%,而草地生态系统发生微度以上土壤侵蚀的面积比例达56.04%.源区土壤侵蚀类型是以冻融侵蚀伴随着水力侵蚀或风力侵蚀的复合侵蚀为主,...  相似文献   

BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1987,39(2):238-266

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.  相似文献   

土地复垦美学视觉评价:以黄土高原矿区为例     

程纪元  白中科  杨博宇  张嘉楠 《地学前缘》2021,28(4):165-174

目前国内外很少有从美学角度进行土地复垦的研究,土地复垦美学概念暂未提出,土地复垦美学视觉评价体系还未成熟。为深入研究土地复垦美学概念内涵,讨论土地复垦美学表现形式,本文参考平朔矿区土地复垦与生态修复的经验,采用文献归纳法和移植研究法,以“山水林田湖草生命共同体理念”为依托,构建了由要素评价和系统评价组成的嵌套式评价体系。通过解构美国林务局视觉管理系统(visual management system,VMS)评价、美国土地管理局视觉资源管理系统(visual resource management,VRM)、联邦公路局视觉影响评估系统(visual impact assessment,VIA)、复田景观评价、园林景观美学评价等成熟的视觉评价体系,结合矿区生态系统修复“五元共轭”理论,构建了一套适用于黄土高原矿区的土地复垦美学视觉评价体系,所有指标共计21项,即地貌重塑与土壤重构相关指标8项、植被重建与生物多样性相关指标7项、景观重现相关指标6项。各项指标完成了定性、半定量化释义,修正了“岩貌、地形地貌、湖泊、毗邻景观”4项指标的评价标准。土地复垦美学评价不可忽略主观因素影响,应注重景观美学表现形式的多样性与差异性,使土地复垦美学视觉表现得更具选择性。  相似文献   

论内陆干旱区依赖地下水的植被生态需水量研究关键科学问题   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

陈伟涛  孙自永  王焰新  马瑞 《地球科学》2014,39(9):1340-1348

地下水资源在内陆干旱区具有重要的植被生态功能, 依赖地下水的植被生态系统的需水量是目前流域水资源综合管理的重要组成部分.在分析地下水资源生态功能研究进展的同时, 系统阐述了内陆干旱区依赖地下水的植被生态需水量研究的几个关键科学问题: ①依赖地下水的植被生态系统的识别方法; ②地下水对植被生态系统作用机制的分析; ③地下水关键属性安全界限的确定; ④地下水系统结构分析; ⑤生态用水配置方案的确定; ⑥区域尺度地下水-天然植被系统关系的概念模型.并逐一提出了这些问题的解决方案, 能够为干旱区植被生态系统保护和恢复提供思路, 也能够为水资源开发利用与以植被生态系统保护为中心的干旱区生态文明建设提供地学支撑.   相似文献   

气候变化与海洋生态系统：影响、适应和脆弱性——IPCC AR6 WGⅡ报告之解读          下载免费PDF全文

谭红建  蔡榕硕  杜建国  胡文佳 《大气科学学报》2022,45(4):489-501

IPCC第六次评估报告(AR6)第二工作组报告第三章开展了气候变化对海洋的影响和风险,以及生态系统及其服务功能、脆弱性和适应评估。AR6明确指出,人为气候变化已经并将继续显著地改变全球和区域海洋的气候影响驱动因子,包括海温升高、海平面上升、海洋酸化和缺氧,以及营养盐浓度变化等海洋物理和化学因子。例如,20世纪80年代以来全球海洋热浪发生的频率已增加了1倍,到21世纪末期可能增加4～8倍。气候影响驱动因子的变化已经对海洋和海岸带生态系统造成了广泛而深远的影响:1)海洋变暖使得海洋物种自1950年代以来以(59.2±15.5) km/(10 a)的速率向极地方向迁移,导致热带海域生物量减少,中纬度海区热带化,极地和亚极地海区浮游植物生长期提前;2)频繁发生的海洋热浪事件已经接近甚至超过了某些海洋生物的耐受极限或其气候临界点,如暖水珊瑚的大规模白化、死亡,海草和大型海藻的大面积消失;3)海洋变暖、缺氧和酸化使得河口区生物群落结构改变,赤潮等有害藻华事件频发,近海和大洋浮游植物生物量和初级生产力下降;4)海平面上升导致海岸带红树林、盐沼和海草床等生态系统的退化;5)未来全球海洋生态系统面临的风险将不断加剧,尤其是在热带和北冰洋海区。其中,当全球升温1.5℃时(最快到21世纪40年代,SSP5-8.5情景),暖水珊瑚礁预计将减少70％～90％;当升温2℃时,几乎所有的(>99％)暖水珊瑚礁将会消失。目前人类社会采取的一些措施(如建立海洋保护区和红树林生态修复)已越来越不能应对日益增长的气候风险,迫切需要发展变革性的行动措施,推动海洋生态系统恢复力的发展,并需尽快采取强有力的减排措施以减缓全球变暖的影响。  相似文献   

Assessment of a Mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystem (Lake Pamvotis, Greece) using benthic community diversity: Response to environmental parameters     

Ifigenia Kagalou  Georgios Economidis  Ioannis Leonardos  Constantinos Papaloukas 《Limnologica》2006,36(4):269-278

Macroinvertebrates play a key role in freshwater lentic and lotic ecosystems. The macroinvertebrate benthic community of a shallow Mediterranean lake (Lake Pamvotis, NW Greece) was studied. The benthic assemblage was sampled monthly at five sites during a period of 1 year (Apr. 1998–Mar. 1999). In addition hypolimnetic water quality variables were monitored over the same period at each site.

The aim of the study was (a) to describe the intra-annual and spatial variability in benthic communities, (b) to relate possible community changes to environmental conditions and (c) to evaluate the responses of the lake's ecological status on community indices.

The benthic fauna of Lake Pamvotis was found to be very limited with a total of 10 species belonging to five taxonomic groups. The oligochaete community comprised 80% of the total benthic fauna with Potamothrix bavaricus as a new record for the Lake Pamvotis and Potamothrix hammoniensis, being the dominant benthic species represented more than 61% of the total benthic fauna. Chironomus plumosus was the most abundant chironomid species contributing with about 6% of the total benthic fauna, and Chaoborus flavicans with 19% was the important dipteran. Almost all benthic species showed the same intra-annual seasonal pattern, with peak population densities during spring and early summer except P. hammoniensis which predominated during the whole sampling period. Dissolved oxygen and temperature seemed to be the main environmental factors affecting community indices.

Benthic communities are affected by human disturbances in Lake Pamvotis shifting their composition to more tolerant taxa, reflecting also the eutrophic to hypertophic character of the lake.  相似文献   

海洋的变化及其对生态系统和人类社会的影响、风险及应对     

蔡榕硕  韩志强  杨正先 《气候变化研究进展》2020,16(2):182-193

IPCC《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》评估了全球和区域海洋的气候变化及其对生态系统和人类社会的影响、风险及应对措施。结果表明,近几十年来,海洋的物理和化学性质发生了明显变化,如升温、酸化、脱氧和营养盐减少等气候致灾因子（事件）的危害（险）性不断加剧（高信度）。这种变化正在影响从上层到底层的海洋生态系统和人类社会的可持续发展,如海洋初级生产力的下降、物种地理分布的变迁、渔业资源潜在渔获量的下降以及食品供应的减少（高信度）。在气候变化与非气候人为干扰因素的综合影响下,随着温室气体排放的增加（从RCP2.6到RCP8.5情景）,到21世纪末,几乎所有类型的海洋和海岸带生态系统将处于高或很高的风险水平（高信度);其中,暖水珊瑚礁生态系统尤其严重,如果全球升温1.5℃和2℃,将分别消失70%~90%和99%以上（很高信度）。然而,当前多种减缓气候变化的海洋应对措施的作用较小,有的可能带来生态危险,而许多降低气候风险的海洋适应措施的作用也很有限,特别是在RCP8.5情景下的作用更小;未来海洋生态系统的风险水平在RCP2.6情景下均低于RCP8.5情景（很高信度)。因此,这凸显了减缓气候变化尤其是减缓和适应气候变化综合治理的重要性。  相似文献   

The Emergence of an Environmental Cartography in Denmark     

Stig Roar Svenningsen 《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):101-113

Within the history of cartography, relatively little attention has been devoted to the study of the growing body of maps and spatial data focusing on environmental issues. This is rather surprising, considering the importance of this type of cartography in the handling of the complex environmental problems of modern society. This paper analyses the development of thematic maps and spatial data focusing on the terrestrial environment of Danish landscapes. The paper is introduced with a review of the concept of environmental cartography, followed by a historical analysis of the development of environmental mapping in Denmark. Results suggest that there has been a change in the content and aim of environmental cartography in the twentieth century, from an initial focus on mapping potentials for land use improvement and optimization of the economic outputs from engagement with terrestrial ecosystems, to a focus on monitoring ecosystems and regulation of human intervention. Finally, the usefulness of the concept environmental cartography to frame analytical work dealing with the still increasing number of maps produced for environmental purposes within the history of cartography, is evaluated.  相似文献