Influence of Heterogeneity of Mechanical Properties on Hydraulic Fracturing in Permeable Rocks   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  

T. H. Yang  L. G. Tham  C. A. Tang  Z. Z. Liang  Y. Tsui 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2004,37(4):251-275

Summary Numerical simulations of circular holes under internal hydraulic pressure are carried out to investigate the hydraulic fracture initiation, propagation and breakdown behavior in rocks. The hydraulic pressure increases at a constant rate. The heterogeneity of the rocks is taken into account in the study by varying the homogeneity index. In addition, the permeability is varied with the states of stress and fracture. The simulations are conducted by using a finite element code, F-RFPA^2D, which couples the flow, stress and damage analyses. The simulation results suggest that the fracture initiation and propagation, the roughness of the fracture path and the breakdown pressure are influenced considerably by the heterogeneity of rocks. The hole diameter elongation and the stress field evolution around the fracture tip during the fracture propagation can also provide useful information for the interpretation of the hydraulic fracturing behaviour.  相似文献   

On strong ground motion synthesis with k −2 slip distributions     

František Gallovič  Johana Brokešová 《Journal of Seismology》2004,8(2):211-224

This study deals with the methodical aspects of k ^–2(Bernard et al., 1996) kinematic strong motions modelling: (1) it is shown how to incorporate the k-dependent rise time for 2D fault geometry in the strong motion synthesis according to the representation theorem, (2) it is suggested how to produce realistic k ^–2 slip models including asperity(ies), (3) modifications are introduced concerning the typeof used slip velocity function and the corner wave number in the slip distribution. High frequency effects of these generalized models are discussed.It is shown that, assuming the rise time proportional to the spatial slip wavelength at high wave numbers, the spectral decay of displacement at frequencies higher than the corner frequency is given just by the decay ofthe slip distribution spectrum, regardless of the type of slip velocity function. It is shown numerically that this model provides -squared source spectrum even in a vicinity of a 2D normal fault buried in 1D structure, which is an agreement with previous studies.  相似文献   

High-characterization of Vadose Zone Dynamics in Limestone Underground Quarries by Time Domain Reflectometry     

Adrian?CerepiEmail author 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(2):365-384

The aim of this paper is to study the vadose zone dynamics during a hydrological cycle. The application of the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method to determine the water content of porous rock has been widely investigated. More than 657 point measurements of rock water content observed during a hydrological cycle and distributed among three abandoned underground quarries in Gironde, France show a permanently undersaturated limestone. Two periods of maximum water content correspond to two occurring effective precipitations. The dephasing and amplitude attenuation of the hydraulic wave with the depth can be modelled and explained by the physical properties of the porous medium. Maps of the spatial distribution of water content show the heterogeneity of water flow in a vadose zone.  相似文献   

基于高光谱数据的小麦叶绿素含量反演   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

赵祥  刘素红  王培娟  王锦地  田振坤 《地理与地理信息科学》2004,20(3):36-39

近年来,遥感高光谱技术为获取农作物的某些生理化参数提供了丰富的数据来源。该文使用北京小汤山地区实验获取的小麦高光谱数据,应用偏最小二乘回归方法,建立了冬小麦冠层波谱与叶绿素含量的回归反演计算模型。研究结果显示:模型在350～1060nm波段具有较高的反演精度。本研究为应用高光谱数据反演冬小麦叶绿素含量提供了有效途径。  相似文献   

Peculiarities in the stable isotope composition of organisms from an alpine lake     

Antonella?CattaneoEmail author  Marina?Manca  Joseph?B.?Rasmussen 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2004,66(4):440-445

  相似文献   

Static compression of α-Fe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>: linear incompressibility of lattice parameters and high-pressure transformations     

H.?Liu  W. A.?Caldwell  L. R.?Benedetti  W.?Panero  R.?JeanlozEmail author 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2003,30(9):582-588

The high-pressure behavior of -Fe₂O₃ has been studied under static compression up to 60 GPa, using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. Synchrotron-based angular-dispersive X-ray diffraction shows that the sample remains in the corundum structure up to 50 GPa, but with the appearance of coexisting diffraction lines from a high-pressure phase at pressures above 45 GPa. A least-squares fit of low-pressure phase data to an Eulerian finite-strain equation of state yields linear incompressibilities of K _{a 0}=749.5 (± 18.4) GPa and K _{c 0}= 455.7 (± 21.4) GPa, differing by a factor of 1.6 along the two directions. The enhanced compressibility of the c axis may lead to breaking of vertex- or edge-sharing bonds between octahedra, inducing the high-pressure phase transformation at 50 GPa. Analysis of linear compressibilities suggests that the high-pressure phase above 50 GPa is of the Rh₂O₃ (II) structure. Continuous laser heating reveals a new structural phase transformation of -Fe₂O₃ at 22 GPa, to an orthorhombic structure with a=7.305(3) Å, b=7.850(3) Å, and c=12.877(14) Å, different from the Rh₂O₃ (II) structure.  相似文献   

Vibrational spectroscopy of beta-eucryptite (LiAlSiO<Subscript>4</Subscript>): optical phonons and phase transition(s)     

M.?ZhangEmail author  H.?Xu  E. K. H.?Salje  P. J.?Heaney 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2003,30(8):457-462

The structural behavior of -eucryptite (LiAlSiO₄) has been investigated using infrared (IR) spectroscopy over a temperature range of 20 to 900 K and FT-Raman spectroscopy at room temperature. IR reflectance measurements show that -eucryptite possesses high reflectivity in the far-IR region, as is consistent with its reported superionic conductivity along the c-axis. On heating, the Li-related IR bands near 246 and 300 cm^–1 (with A₂ symmetry) broadened and weakened dramatically, presumably as a result of Li⁺ positional disordering along the structural channels parallel to c. The disordering process appears to induce a framework distortion, as is evidenced by the broadening of some vibrations of Si(Al)–O with increasing temperature. A change in slope in the temperature dependence of the phonon frequency near 300 cm^–1 and the linewidth of the 760 cm^–1 band at 715 K indicates that Li becomes completely disordered above this temperature. In addition, the temperature dependence of the linewidth for the 760 cm^–1 band exhibits an additional change in slope at 780 K, implying the existence of an intermediate state within this temperature range. The detailed structure of this intermediate phase, however, needs further study. Our IR data provide no indication of structural changes between room temperature and 20 K.  相似文献   

Nonlinearity of Nonradial Modes in Evolved Stars     

Rafał M. Nowakowski  Wojciech A. Dziembowski 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(1):273-276

We show that in evolved stars, even at relatively low surfaceamplitudes, nonradial modes become strongly nonlinear in thehydrogen shell source, where the Brunt-Väisälä frequency hasits absolute maximum. The measure of nonlinearity is the productof horizontal displacement times the radial wavenumber, . It becomes large already in evolved -Scuti stars.This nonlinearity presents a major problem for interpretations ofamplitude modulation in RR Lyrae stars in terms of nonradial modeexcitation.  相似文献   

The Apsidal Antialignment of the HD 82943 System     

Jianghui Ji  Hiroshi Kinoshita  Lin Liu  Guangyu Li  Hiroshi Nakai 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2003,87(1-2):113-120

We perform numerical simulations to explore the dynamical evolution of the HD 82943 planetary system. By simulating diverse planetary configurations, we find two mechanisms of stabilizing the system: the 2:1 mean motion resonance (MMR) between the two planets can act as the first mechanism for all stable orbits. The second mechanism is a dynamical antialignment of the apsidal lines of the orbiting planets, which implies that the difference of the periastron longitudes ₃ librates about 180° in the simulations. We also use a semi-analytical model to explain the numerical results for the system under study.  相似文献   

A general model for modifying Stokes’ formula and its least-squares solution   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

L.E. Sjöberg 《Journal of Geodesy》2003,77(7-8):459-464

Today the combination of Stokes formula and an Earth gravity model (EGM) for geoid determination is a standard procedure. However, the method of modifying Stokes formula varies from author to author, and numerous methods of modification exist. Most methods modify Stokes kernel, but the most widely applied method, the remove compute restore technique, removes the EGM from the gravity anomaly to attain a residual gravity anomaly under Stokes integral, and at least one known method modifies both Stokes kernel and the gravity anomaly. A general model for modifying Stokes formula is presented; it includes most of the well-known techniques of modification as special cases. By assuming that the error spectra of the gravity anomalies and the EGM are known, the optimum model of modification is derived based on the least-squares principle. This solution minimizes the expected mean square error (MSE) of all possible solutions of the general geoid model. A practical formula for estimating the MSE is also presented. The power of the optimum method is demonstrated in two special cases. AcknowledgementsThis paper was partly written whilst the author was a visiting scientist at The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He is indebted to Professor W. Kearsley and his colleagues, and their hospitality is acknowledged.  相似文献