黄土孔隙度及粒度组成关系初探     

徐芹选  赵景波  祁晓丽 《地球科学与环境学报》2000,22(1)

依据对黄土地层的孔隙度及颗粒组分等实测资料 ,初步认识到黄土的孔隙度具有从上向下波动减小的规律 ,波峰在黄土层 ,而波谷在古土壤层 ,也即黄土的孔隙度大于古土壤。黄土主要由粉砂、粘粒构成 ,并且黄土的粒度比古土壤要粗一些。黄土的孔隙度与黄土的颗粒组成具有相关关系 ,决定孔隙度大小的主导因素是颗粒大小  相似文献   

Sources and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in two headwater peatland catchments at the Marcell Experimental Forest,northern Minnesota,USA     

Stephen D. Sebestyen  Meghan Funke  James B. Cotner 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14049

Where they are present in catchments, peatlands are a dominant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to surrounding waterways due, in part, to high production rates. Despite the preponderance of peatlands in northern latitudes and expected peatland vulnerability to climate change, little is known about peatland DOM degradation relative to a more comprehensive understanding of degradation when DOM is sourced from upland-dominated catchments. We compared DOM biodegradability of various sources of stream water in two catchments having peatlands (22%–33% of the area) surrounded by upland forests (70%–90% of the area, either deciduous or coniferous). We measured total organic carbon (TOC), and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon concentrations; bacterial respiration rates; streamflow; and upland runoff during and after snowmelt (March to June, 2009–2011). We also explored if DOM in upland runoff stimulated biodegradation of peatland-derived DOM (i.e., a priming effect), and if forest cover type affected DOM biodegradability. As expected, the peatlands were the largest sources of both water (72%–80%) and TOC (92%–96%) to the streams although more area in each catchment was in uplands (70%–90%). Several results were unexpected, yet revealing: (1) DOM from peatlands sometimes had the same biodegradability as DOM from uplands, (2) upland sources of DOM had negligible effects on biodegradability in the peatland and downstream, and (3) upland deciduous cover did not yield more degradable DOM than conifer cover. The most pronounced effect of upland runoff was dilution of downstream TOC concentrations when there was upland runoff. Overall, the effects of upland DOM may have been negligible due to the overriding effect of the large amount of biodegradable DOM that originated in bogs. This research highlights that peatland-sourced DOM has important effects on downstream DOM biodegradability even in catchments where upland area is substantially larger than peatland area.  相似文献   

Simulating urban land use change by integrating a convolutional neural network with vector-based cellular automata     

Yaqian Zhai  Yao Yao  Xun Liang  Xia Li  Yongting Pan 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(7):1475-1499

ABSTRACT

Vector-based cellular automata (VCA) models have been applied in land use change simulations at fine scales. However, the neighborhood effects of the driving factors are rarely considered in the exploration of the transition suitability of cells, leading to lower simulation accuracy. This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-VCA model that adopts the CNN to extract the high-level features of the driving factors within a neighborhood of an irregularly shaped cell and discover the relationships between multiple land use changes and driving factors at the neighborhood level. The proposed model was applied to simulate urban land use changes in Shenzhen, China. Compared with several VCA models using other machine learning methods, the proposed CNN-VCA model obtained the highest simulation accuracy (figure-of-merit = 0.361). The results indicated that the CNN-VCA model can effectively uncover the neighborhood effects of multiple driving factors on the developmental potential of land parcels and obtain more details on the morphological characteristics of land parcels. Moreover, the land use patterns of 2020 and 2025 under an ecological control strategy were simulated to provide decision support for urban planning.  相似文献   

楚科奇和西伯利亚陆架颗粒有机物的来源：碳、氮同位素的线索   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

贾仁明  牟新悦  陈敏  朱晶  王博  李晓鹏  Astakhov A S  郑敏芳  邱雨生 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(9):96-108

The stable isotopic composition(δ~(13)C and δ~(15)N) and carbon/nitrogen ratio(C/N) of particulate organic matter(POM) in the Chukchi and East Siberian shelves from July to September, 2016 were measured to evaluate the spatial variability and origin of POM. The δ~(13)C_(POC) values were in the range of -29.5‰ to-17.5‰ with an average of -25.9‰±2.0‰, and the δ~(15)N_(PN) values ranged from 3.9‰ to 13.1‰ with an average of 8.0‰±1.6‰. The C/N ratios in the East Siberian shelf were generally higher than those in the Chukchi shelf, while the δ~(13)C and δ~(15)N values were just the opposite. Abnormally low C/N ratios(4), low δ~(13)C_(POC)(almost-28‰) and high δ~(15)N_(PN)(10‰) values were observed in the Wrangel Island polynya, which was attributed to the early bloom of small phytoplankton. The contributions of terrestrial POM, bloom-produced POM and non-bloom marine POM were estimated using a three end-member mixing model. The spatial distribution of terrestrial POM showed a high fraction in the East Siberian shelf and decreased eastward, indicating the influence of Russian rivers. The distribution of non-bloom marine POM showed a high fraction in the Chukchi shelf with the highest fraction occurring in the Bering Strait and decreased westward, suggesting the stimulation of biological production by the Pacific inflow in the Chukchi shelf. The fractions of bloom-produced POM were highest in the winter polynya and gradually decreased toward the periphery. A negative relationship between the bloom-produced POM and the sea ice meltwater inventory was observed, indicating that the net sea ice loss promotes early bloom in the polynya.Given the high fraction of bloom-produced POM, the early bloom of phytoplankton in the polynyas may play an important role on marine production and POM export in the Arctic shelves.  相似文献   

Downstream fining in contrasting reaches of the sand‐bedded Yellow River     

Wanquan Ta  Haibin Wang  Xiaopeng Jia 《水文研究》2011,25(24):3693-3700

Compared to downstream fining of a gravel‐bedded river, little field evidence exists to support the process of downstream fining in large, fine sand‐bedded rivers. In fact, the typically unimodal bed sediments of these rivers are thought to produce equal mobility of coarse and fine grains that may discourage downstream fining. To investigate this topic, we drilled 200 sediment cores in the channel beds of two fine‐grained sand‐bedded reaches of the Yellow River (a desert reach and a lower reach) and identified a fine surface layer (FSL) developed over a coarse subsurface layer (CSL) in the 3‐m‐thick bed deposits. In both reaches downstream, the thickness of the FSL increased, while that of the CSL decreased. Comparison of the depth‐averaged median grain sizes of the CSL and the FSL separately in both reaches shows a distinct downstream fining dependence to the median grain size, which indicates that at a large scale of 600‐800 km, the CSL shows a significant downstream fining, but the FSL shows no significant trends in downstream variations in grain size. This result shows that fine sediment supply (<0·08 mm median grain size) from upstream, combined with lateral fine sediment inputs from tributaries and bank erosion, can cause a rapid fining of the downstream channel bed surface and can develop the FSL layer. However, in the desert reach, lateral coarse sediment supply (>0·08 mm median grain size) from wind‐borne sediments and cross‐desert tributaries can interrupt the FSL and coarsen the channel bed surface locally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

不同制样方式下含水合物粉细砂静力学特性研究     

王兆祥  赵志超  王栋  孔壮壮  吴杨 《海洋工程》2020,38(6):117-123

利用高压低温三轴仪对含水合物粉细砂进行剪切试验。分别用气饱和法与水饱和法制样，实现不同水合物饱和度和围压条件的三轴剪切，并分析含水合物砂的胶结作用对剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：低饱和度时，气饱和与水饱和试样的偏应力差别不大；高饱和度时，制样方式对偏应力的影响较显著；水饱和试样的剪胀性大于气饱和试样，剪胀性随饱和度的升高和围压的降低而增大。峰值偏应力和稳态偏应力由黏聚力和摩擦力两部分组成，水合物的存在对稳态内摩擦角影响不大。  相似文献   

Lignin phenols used to infer organic matter sources to Sepetiba Bay – RJ,Brasil     

C.E. Rezende  W.C. Pfeiffer  L.A. Martinelli  E. Tsamakis  J.I. Hedges  R.G. Keil 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Lignin phenols were measured in the sediments of Sepitiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in bedload sediments and suspended sediments of the four major fluvial inputs to the bay; São Francisco and Guandu Channels and the Guarda and Cação Rivers. Fluvial suspended lignin yields (Σ8 3.5–14.6 mgC 10 g dw⁻¹) vary little between the wet and dry seasons and are poorly correlated with fluvial chlorophyll concentrations (0.8–50.2 μgC L⁻¹). Despite current land use practices that favor grassland agriculture or industrial uses, fluvial lignin compositions are dominated by a degraded leaf-sourced material. The exception is the Guarda River, which has a slight influence from grasses. The Lignin Phenol Vegetation Index, coupled with acid/aldehyde and 3.5 Db/V ratios, indicate that degraded leaf-derived phenols are also the primary preserved lignin component in the bay. The presence of fringe Typha sp. and Spartina sp. grass beds surrounding portions of the Bay are not reflected in the lignin signature. Instead, lignin entering the bay appears to reflect the erosion of soils containing a degraded signature from the former Atlantic rain forest that once dominated the watershed, instead of containing a significant signature derived from current agricultural uses. A three-component mixing model using the LPVI, atomic N:C ratios, and stable carbon isotopes (which range between –26.8 and –21.8‰) supports the hypothesis that fluvial inputs to the bay are dominated by planktonic matter (78% of the input), with lignin dominated by leaf (14% of the input) over grass (6%). Sediments are composed of a roughly 50–50 mixture of autochthonous material and terrigenous material, with lignin being primarily sourced from leaf.  相似文献   

Spatial variation in organic matter utilization by benthic communities from Yura River–Estuary to offshore of Tango Sea,Japan     

Emily S. Antonio  Akihide Kasai  Masahiro Ueno  Nam-il Won  Yuka Ishihi  Hisashi Yokoyama  Yoh Yamashita 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

We investigated the distribution of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of organic matter among benthic communities from the upper estuary of Yura River to offshore of Tango Sea, Japan, to determine spatial variation in utilization of organic matter by benthic communities. The δ¹³C values of benthic animals ranged from −27 to −15‰ in the upper estuary, −21 to −15‰ in the lower estuary, −20 to −16‰ in the shallow coast (5–10 m depths), −18 to −16‰ in the deep coast (30–60 m depths) and −19 to −15‰ in offshore (100–150 m depths) stations. Adapting the dual isotope values to mixing models, we estimated the relative contributions of potential food sources to the benthos diet. Phytoplankton and macroalgae that intruded the estuary in summer were utilized as alternative food aside from the terrestrial-origin organic matter assimilated by the estuarine benthic consumers. Resuspended benthic microalgae were important source of energy in the shallow coastal stations, while abundant supply of phytodetritus fueled the deep coastal and offshore benthic food webs. Spatial difference in the diet of benthic communities depends largely on the shifts in the primary carbon source. Thus, benthic communities are important link of autochthonous/allochthonous production and secondary production in the continuous river–estuary–marine system.  相似文献   

Massive dark clusters and the heating problem of galactic discs     

F. J. Sánchez-Salcedo 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1999,303(4):755-772

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三维地震精细处理技术在识别煤田小断层中的应用     

邢涛  韩建光  朱广辉  刘志伟  牛云飞  祝玉函 《地质论评》2022,68(5):2022092012-2022092012

煤层中发育的断层构造不仅破坏煤层的连续性,而且往往与冒顶、突水、瓦斯突出等事故伴生,小断层等微幅构造的精确探测一直是煤田安全生产研究的重点。三维地震技术是目前获得煤区构造特征、识别小断层最有效技术手段之一,但常规地震数据处理技术难以满足现阶段煤田勘探精度的需求。笔者等针对煤田采区三维地震资料的特征,提出一种有效的煤田三维地震数据精细处理技术,通过对静校正、叠前去噪、振幅处理和反褶积等关键技术进行攻关试验,提高煤田三维地震资料的信噪比和分辨率,进而更好地识别小断层等微幅构造。通过对实际煤田三维地震资料进行精细处理测试表明,笔者等提出的精细处理技术对于煤田三维地震资料具有很好的实用性,在现有三维地震叠后偏移剖面基础上可以识别出煤层中5 m以内的小断层,验证了研究区煤田三维地震精细处理技术的有效性,体现了精细处理技术在煤田精细勘探中的重要作用。  相似文献