黄河宁夏段凌汛期气温变化特征     

陆晓静  苏占胜  谭志强 《干旱气象》2014,(1):120-122,127

利用宁夏1991~2010年20 a凌汛期水文和气温序列资料,研究了宁夏凌汛期特征、凌汛灾害发生主要时段,黄河封河、开河集中期与日平均气温之间的关系。结果表明:宁夏凌汛特征为封开河时序相反,小流量、高水位行洪,受强冷空气影响较大;凌汛灾害主要发生在封河和开河期间;日平均气温正负转化日期与封、开河期有对应关系,宁夏封河集中期在12月20日至1月19日;开河集中日期在2月13~20日。在凌汛关键期结合MODIS遥感数据对凌汛灾害监测防范有一定指导意义。  相似文献   

自然灾害综合风险防范信息服务技术体系构建及展望     

廖永丰  吴玮  杨赛霓  胡卓玮  阿多 《地球信息科学学报》2022,24(12):2282-2296

构建自然灾害综合风险防范信息服务业务技术体系是支撑新时代防灾减灾救灾工作的必然要求。文章聚焦全链条、多主体、多灾种综合风险防范信息服务需求,建立了自然灾害综合风险防范信息服务的技术体系框架,构建了涵盖常态减灾和灾前预防、灾中救援、灾后恢复重建等非常态救灾全过程的综合风险防范信息服务产品体系,建立了信息产品开发、行业数据协同、网络大数据挖掘、信息服务平台集成等方面的关键技术。其中,信息产品体系构建从灾害管理过程、主要业务类型和工作任务方面进行三级分类。信息产品开发方面研发了基于致灾、灾情、救灾3类标准灾害信息要素的灾害信息产品制作、表达和动态定制技术;行业数据协同方面研发了双向自适应的部门微服务数据共享新机制及多部门多源异构数据接入、融合处理技术;网络大数据挖掘领域研发了基于网页、移动通信、社交网络、物联网等网络大数据的致灾、灾情、救灾要素信息挖掘与融合分析技术;信息服务集成平台搭建领域研发了基于云服务架构的时空分布式大数据管理、业务工具模型集成、“云+端”多渠道信息服务技术。该技术体系解决灾害信息服务时效性不高、完备性不足等问题,为开辟与政府部门统计并行的灾害信息数据获取新途径提供了技术支撑。  相似文献   

Effects of different operational modes on the flood‐induced turbidity current of a canyon‐shaped reservoir: case study on Liuxihe Reservoir,South China     

Sheng Wang  Xin Qian  Bo‐Ping Han  Lian‐Cong Luo  Rui Ye  Wen Xiong 《水文研究》2013,27(26):4004-4016

Suspended matter is an important indicator of water quality in freshwater systems. The flood‐induced turbidity current plays a dominant role in the seasonal dynamic of suspended matter in the Liuxihe Reservoir (23°45′50″N; 113°46′52″E), a large, stratified reservoir at the Tropic of Cancer in southern China. Field measurements show that loading and distribution of suspended matter in the reservoir differ in typical wet, dry and medium years, as a result of different discharge volumes and water level variation patterns. Using historical data and the practical demand for water supply and flood control, we generalized two feasible reservoir operational modes: flood impounding mode (drawing down the reservoir to a low level before flood events to impound inflow during the flooding season) and moderate level change mode (drawing down the reservoir to a moderate level before flood events, then keeping the level within the flood control level during runoff events). To examine the effects of different operational modes and outlet depths on the reservoir's flood‐induced turbidity current, a numerical simulation model was applied in three types of hydrological conditions. The results show that the mode with moderate drawdown and recharge processes can decrease loading of suspended matter in spring and promote turbidity current release during flood events, and upper withdrawal can improve the effects of turbid water release. We suggest that more attention should be focused on water quality management in the reservoir operation stage, severe artificial water level fluctuation being avoided and selective withdrawal becoming an optional management measure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A broad‐scale assessment of the effect of improved soil management on catchment baseflow index     

I. P. Holman  T. M. Hess  S. C. Rose 《水文研究》2011,25(16):2563-2572

Although the importance of sustainable soil management is recognized, there are many threats to soils including widespread soil structural degradation. This reduces infiltration through the soil surface and/or the percolation of water through the soil profile, with important consequences for crop yields, nutrient cycling and the hydrological response of catchments. This article describes a broad‐scale modelling approach to assess the potential effect that improved agricultural soil management, through reduced soil structural degradation, may have on the baseflow index (BFI) of catchments across England and Wales. A daily soil–water balance model was used to simulate the indicative BFI of 45 696 thirty‐year model runs for different combinations of soil type, soil/field condition, land cover class and climate which encapsulate the variability across England and Wales. The indicative BFI of catchments was then calculated by upscaling the results by spatial weighting. WaSim model outputs of indicative BFI were within the 95% confidence intervals of the national‐average BFI values given for the Hydrology of Soil Type (HOST ? ) classes for 26 of the 28 classes. At the catchment scale, the concordance correlation coefficient between the BFI from the WaSim model outputs and those derived from HOST was 0·83. Plausible improvements in agricultural soil/field condition produced modest simulated increases of up to 10% in the indicative BFI in most catchments across England and Wales, although for much of southern and northern England the increases were less than 5%. The results suggest that improved soil management might partially mitigate the expected adverse effects of climate change on baseflow to rivers. Healthy, well‐functioning soils produce many additional benefits such as better agricultural yields and reduced pollutant movement, so improved soil management should provide win‐win opportunities for society, agricultural systems and the environment and provide resilience to some of the expected environmental impacts of climate change. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The spatial distribution of groundwater flooding in a chalk catchment in southern England     

J. W. Finch  R. B. Bradford  J. A. Hudson 《水文研究》2004,18(5):959-971

Groundwater flooding occurred in the upper parts of many chalk rivers in the UK during the exceptionally wet winter of 2000–01. This provided a rare opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of groundwater discharge and flooding along the normally dry intermittent headwaters of a chalk catchment. The extent of flooding along the River Pang, upstream of the seasonal head, was mapped using aerial photography, and point measurements of flow and water temperature were used to identify the contributing reaches of the river. The results are discussed in the context of the geological and groundwater conditions. The occurrence of flooding can largely be explained by the regional groundwater flow directions, but increased flow in some locations may be as a result of preferential groundwater flow along lines of geological structure. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Key Problems and Countermeasures in CO₂ Flooding and Storage     

CHEN Huanqing 《《地质学报》英文版》2023,97(3):858-872

Based on literature research in combination with the practice of CO₂ flooding and storage in Jilin Oilfield, this study assesses the key problems in CO₂ flooding and storage, proposing the corresponding countermeasures from five aspects of CO₂ gas source condition, namely geological condition evaluation, scheme design incoordination with other production methods, economic and effectiveness evaluation, together with dynamic monitoring and safety evaluation. The re...  相似文献   

Research progress and prospect of snow avalanche disaster prevention and control北大核心CSCD     

Hao J.  Li L. 《冰川冻土》2022,(3):722-770

Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard in the cryosphere. It seriously threatens transportation corridors, energy transmission and communication lines, mining and touristic areas in the cold mountainous regions and often causes the destruction of infrastructure and human casualties, hindering the sustainable development of society and economy in mountainous areas. Under climate change and the expansion of human activities to alpine mountains, more population and infrastructure will expose to the risk of avalanches. In order to ensure the sustainable development in mountainous areas, the demand for the prevention and management of avalanche disasters is increasing. Based on the review of the main avalanche research progress in China since 1960 and the avalanche research results all over the world, this paper summarized the progress on the influencing factors and regional distribution of avalanche activities, avalanche formation and movement mechanism, avalanche monitoring and early warning, avalanche risk assessment and engineering prevention, as well as the frontier problems and scientific difficulties that need to be studied. In addition, the impact of climate change on avalanche activities and the interaction between human activities and avalanche activities are discussed. By looking forward to the future needs of avalanche disaster prevention and reduction, including the countermeasures, the research on avalanche in China is promoted. © 2022 by the Author(s).  相似文献   

基于地貌单元的小区域地质灾害易发性分区方法研究   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

唐川  马国超 《地理科学》2015,(1)

以汶川县城周边区域为研究区,分别以栅格单元与地貌单元作为单位评价单元,以信息量法与逻辑回归法两种评价模型对研究区进行地质灾害易发性评价分区。根据对评价结果的比较分析,在小区域范围内,基于地貌单元的区域易发性分区不仅仅能够更好地体现出区域内局部综合特性,而且评价分区结果与地质灾害实际分布情况更加吻合,分级层次更加明显,数学模型的适用效率很好。由此可见,在小范围区域内,基于地貌单元的地质灾害易发性评价分区具有良好的适用性与可塑性,在大比例尺地质灾害易发性和危险性制图中是一个有益的尝试与启发。  相似文献   

1965—2014年黑龙江省洪涝灾害时空演变特征     

许佳琦  周永吉  姜丽霞  曹义娜  郭立峰 《气象与环境学报》2020,36(3):41-48

基于1965—2014年黑龙江省63个气象站逐月降水资料,利用Z指数、区域洪涝指数、数理统计和反距离权重插值等方法,得出洪涝等级（轻涝、中涝、重涝）,分析近50年黑龙江省不同等级洪涝灾害时空分布特征及其变化趋势。结果表明,近50年黑龙江省发生区域性轻度、中度和重度洪涝灾害分别为7次、7次和6次,降水倾向率为0.864 mm/a;洪涝灾害发生频率分布不均,发生轻涝104次、中涝74次以及重涝29次,洪涝灾害发生频率较高地区逐年扩大;同时,发生洪涝灾害的站数比差异明显,且随时间呈缓慢上升趋势,其中,轻涝、中涝和重涝站数比的增幅分别为1.3/10a、1.6/10a和0.85/10a;洪涝灾害高发期主要在20世纪80年代、90年代和2010年之后,主洪涝区为鹤岗、伊春、黑河和牡丹江地区,次洪涝区为大兴安岭和大庆地区。  相似文献   

Flood magnification on the River Rhine     

Nicholas Pinter  Rienk R. van der Ploeg  Peter Schweigert  Gunnar Hoefer 《水文研究》2006,20(1):147-164

Flooding on the German Rhine during the 20th century was tested for trends and assessed to identify causal mechanisms driving worsening of flooding. A review of previous research outlines the range of impacts due to climate change, land‐use shifts, and river regulation. Analysis of hydrologic data, especially of the long record at Cologne, documents statistically significant increases in both flood magnitudes and frequencies. Specific‐gauge analysis, which isolates the effects of channel modification, documents that 20th century river engineering has caused little of the observed increase in flooding on the German Rhine. Precipitation records from the Rhine basin confirm that flood magnification has been driven by upstream factors, including an increase in flood‐producing precipitation of roughly 25% during the past 100 years and increases in runoff yields. In addition, agricultural land‐use records suggest that flood magnification can be partially explained by 20th century trends documenting intensification and industrialization of German agriculture. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献