A Multiple Criteria Decision Modelling approach to selection of estimation techniques for fitting extreme floods     

L. Duckstein  B. Bobée  F. Ashkar 《Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics》1991,5(3):227-238

The problem of fitting a probability distribution, here log-Pearson Type III distribution, to extreme floods is considered from the point of view of two numerical and three non-numerical criteria. The six techniques of fitting considered include classical techniques (maximum likelihood, moments of logarithms of flows) and new methods such as mixed moments and the generalized method of moments developed by two of the co-authors. The latter method consists of fitting the distribution using moments of different order, in particular the SAM method (Sundry Averages Method) uses the moments of order 0 (geometric mean), 1 (arithmetic mean), –1 (harmonic mean) and leads to a smaller variance of the parameters. The criteria used to select the method of parameter estimation are:

–	- the two statistical criteria of mean square error and bias;
–	- the two computational criteria of program availability and ease of use;
–	- the user-related criterion of acceptability.

These criteria are transformed into value functions or fuzzy set membership functions and then three Multiple Criteria Decision Modelling (MCDM) techniques, namely, composite programming, ELECTRE, and MCQA, are applied to rank the estimation techniques.  相似文献   

Speckle observations with PISCO in Merate – III. Astrometric measurements of visual binaries in 2005 and scale calibration with a grating mask     

M. Scardia  J.-L. Prieur  L. Pansecchi  R. W. Argyle  S. Basso  M. Sala  M. Ghigo  L. Koechlin  E. Aristidi 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,374(3):965-978

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A survey of polarization in the JVAS/CLASS flat-spectrum radio source surveys – I. The data and catalogue production     

N. Jackson  R. A. Battye  I. W. A. Browne  S. Joshi  T. W. B. Muxlow  P. N. Wilkinson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,376(1):371-377

We have used the very large JVAS/CLASS 8.4-GHz surveys of flat-spectrum radio sources to obtain a large, uniformly observed and calibrated, sample of radio source polarizations. These are useful for many investigations of the properties of radio sources and the interstellar medium. We discuss comparisons with polarization measurements from this survey and from other large-scale surveys of polarization in flat-spectrum sources.  相似文献   

All-sky component separation in the presence of anisotropic noise and dust temperature variations     

V. Stolyarov  M. P. Hobson  A. N. Lasenby  R. B. Barreiro 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(1):145-155

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γ² Velorum: orbital solution and fundamental parameter determination with SUSI     

J. R. North  P. G. Tuthill  W. J. Tango  J. Davis 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,377(1):415-424

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Tentative detection of warm intervening gas towards PKS 0548-322 with XMM–Newton     

X. Barcons  F. B. S. Paerels  F. J. Carrera  M. T. Ceballos  M. Sako 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,359(4):1549-1556

We present the results of a long (∼93 ks) XMM–Newton observation of the bright BL-Lac object  PKS 0548-322 ( z = 0.069)  . Our Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) spectrum shows a single absorption feature at an observed wavelength  λ= 23.33 ± 0.01 Å  , which we interpret as O  vi Kα absorption at   z = 0.058  , i.e. ∼3000 km s⁻¹ from the background object. The observed equivalent width of the absorption line, ∼30 mÅ, coupled with the lack of the corresponding absorption edge in the EPIC pn data, implies a column density of   N _O VI∼ 2 × 10¹⁶ cm⁻²  and turbulence with a Doppler velocity parameter   b > 100 km s⁻¹  . Within the limitations of our RGS spectrum, no O  vii or O  v Kα absorption are detected. Under the assumption of ionization equilibrium by both collisions and the extragalactic background, this is only marginally consistent if the gas temperature is  ∼2.5 × 10⁵ K  , with significantly lower or higher values being excluded by our limits on O  v or O  vii . If confirmed, this would be the first X-ray detection of a large amount of intervening warm absorbing gas through O  vi absorption. The existence of such a high column density absorber, much stronger than any previously detected one in O  vi , would place stringent constraints on the large-scale distribution of baryonic gas in the Universe.  相似文献   

A soft X-ray study of type I active galactic nuclei observed with Chandra high-energy transmission grating spectrometer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. McKernan  T. Yaqoob  C. S. Reynolds 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,379(4):1359-1372

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Influences of upstream reservoir stratification and downstream tidal fluctuations on the summer thermal regime of a regulated coastal river     

David Timothy West  Robert Daniel Moore 《水文研究》2020,34(24):4660-4674

This study focused on the effects of upstream reservoir thermal dynamics and downstream tidal influences on temperatures in a 25-km reach of Alouette River (coastal British Columbia, Canada) below a control dam and upstream of its confluence with Pitt River. Temperature was monitored during summer 2013 using 25 sensors. Water was released from the reservoir through a low level outlet at approximately 2.7 m³ s⁻¹, except during late spring when a higher flow was released over the dam spillway. Temperature variations in the lowest section of Alouette River, and in the lower portion of a tributary, were distinct from those further upstream due to backwatering effects associated with a semi-diurnal tide, which can cause flow reversals in Pitt River. An internal seiche was identified in the reservoir during mid-summer that resulted in oscillating releases of warmer and cooler water with an amplitude of up to 6°C and a period of approximately 12 hr. Wavelet analysis and band-pass filtering indicated that the 12-hr signal declined in strength with downstream distance, but remained detectable about 15 km below the dam. In contrast, the 24-hr diel signal increased in strength with distance below the dam. Travel times computed via cross-correlation of the 12-hr signals with that at the low level outlet were within ±10% of those estimated from measured mean velocities. Lagrangian tracking of water parcels using the derived travel times indicated that the cooling effect of periodic releases of cold water during the seiching period persisted to the lower extent of the non-tidal reach. The tidally influenced locations experienced higher temperatures than those recorded in the non-tidal portion of Alouette River, although the relative roles of heating in the upstream tidal reach versus upstream advection of water associated with tide-driven flow reversals in Pitt River require further study.  相似文献   

Fractal characteristics of sand grain group changes under freeze-thaw cycles and its correlation with long-term strength北大核心CSCD     

刘启  张泽  张圣嵘  恽晴飞  付峻松 《冰川冻土》2022,44(6):1820-1832

Seasonally frozen soils are widely distributed in China in terms of area,and the freeze-thaw cycle effect generated by the alternation of cold and warmth is one of the causes of engineering damage in cold areas during construction,and it is particularly important to restore the nature and state of the soil when it is subjected to freeze-thaw action. Therefore,sandy soil specimens with different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were prepared,and the long-term strength of frozen sandy soil was tested using a spherical template indenter. Using fractal theory and the microstructure image processing software ImageJ,the change law of grain group and long-term strength of two frozen sandy soils under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were studied. The results show that：for fine sand（FS）,the fractal dimension DB has a highly significant positive correlation with the long-term strength variation,among which ≥0. 15~0. 20 mm and ≥0. 25~0. 40 mm have the best fit with the long-term strength,and are the dominant grain classes of FS. For medium sand（MS）,the fractal dimension DB is slightly positively correlated with the long-term strength,and the variation shows a“vertical N”trend,in which the grain size content of ≥0. 30~0. 40 mm and ≥0. 40 mm fits better with the long-term strength,and is the dominant grain class for MS. The content of other grain groups did not correlate significantly with the long-term strength change. The freeze-thaw action changed the content ratios of coarse and fine grain agglomerates in the soil. With the increase of the overall particle size interval,the dominant particle size also increases,which shows that the long-term strength of frozen sandy soil tends to decrease and then increase with the increase of the content of some particle sizes. The results of the study can provide theoretical reference for the determination of long-term strength in areas subject to freeze-thaw action. © 2022 Science Press (China).  相似文献   

基于分形理论的遥感蚀变信息和构造分析研究：以黑龙江多宝山地区为例     

赵忠海  陈俊  乔锴  崔晓梦  梁杉杉  李成禄 《现代地质》2023,37(1):153-163

矿化蚀变信息提取和构造解译对于成矿预测具有重要意义,分形理论在遥感地质领域可用于揭示隐藏于复杂地形地物信息的精细结构,为遥感矿化蚀变信息提取和解译地质构造的定量分析提供理论基础和新方法。利用Landsat-8 OLI影像与相关的地质资料,基于分形理论研究黑龙江多宝山地区的蚀变信息与构造分形特征。采用“去干扰+波段比值+主成分分析+分形阈值分割”方法对蚀变异常信息进行提取,利用分形理论的盒维数法分别得到线性构造与蚀变信息分维等值线图,分析其空间展布及分形特征;并将构造和蚀变信息叠加与构造、蚀变分维高值区进行对比,同时与成矿地质背景进行比较。结果表明,遥感蚀变分维高值区与蚀变信息密集区一致,构造分形结果与成矿构造空间展布情况一致,叠加信息兼并了两者的优势信息,排除干扰缩小勘查范围,更为有效地突出了成矿有利部位。本文研究尝试了遥感蚀变异常与构造信息叠加的分形特征分析方法,不但可增加遥感信息利用度与精准性,同时分析结果反映其与实际成矿地质背景和勘查成果更加符合,可作为遥感信息综合找矿预测的一种新理论和新方法,也为研究区下一步勘查工作提供理论依据和找矿方向。  相似文献