The stability of a remediated bed in Hamilton Harbour,Lake Ontario,Canada     

Carl L. Amos  Ian G. Droppo  Eduardo A. Gomez  Tom P. Murphy 《Sedimentology》2003,50(1):149-168

ABSTRACT In situ measurements of lakebed sediment erodibility were made on three sites in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, using the benthic flume Sea Carousel. Three methods of estimating the surface erosion threshold (τ_c(0)) from a Carousel time series were evaluated: the first method fits measures of bed strength to eroded depth (the failure envelope) and evaluates threshold as the surface intercept; the second method regresses mean erosion rate (E_m) with bed shear stress and solves for the floc erosion rate (E_f) to derive the threshold for E_m = E_f = 1 × 10^?5 kg m^?2 s^?1; the third method extrapolates a regression of suspended sediment concentration (S) and fluid transmitted bed shear stress (τ₀) to ambient concentrations. The first field site was undisturbed (C) and acted as a control; the second (W) was disturbed through ploughing and water injection as part of lakebed treatment, whereas the third site (OIP) was disturbed and injected with an oxidant used for remediation of contaminated sediment. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the three different methods of deriving erosion threshold; (2) to compare the physical behaviour of lacustrine sediments with their marine estuarine counterparts; and (3) to examine the effects of ploughing and chemical treatment of contaminated sediment on bed stability. Five deployments of Sea Carousel were carried out at the control site. Mean erosion thresholds for the three methods were: τ_c(0) = 0·5 (±0·06), 0·27 (±0·01) and 0·34 (±0·03) Pa respectively. Method 1 overpredicted bed strength as it was insensitive to effects in the surface 1–2 mm, and the fit of the failure envelope was also highly subjective. Method 2 exhibited a wide scatter in the data (low correlation coefficients), and definition of the baseline erosion rate (E_f) is largely arbitrary in the literature. Method 3 yielded stable (high correlation coefficients), reproducible and objective results and is thus recommended for evaluation of the erosion threshold. The results of this method correlated well with sediment bulk density and followed the same trend as marine counterparts from widely varying sites. Mass settling rates, expressed as a decay constant, k, of S(t), were strongly related to the maximum turbidity at the onset of settling (S_max) and were also in continuity with marine counterparts. Thus, it appears that differences in salinity had little effect on mass settling rates in the examples presented, and that biological activity dominated any effects normally attributable to changes in salinity. Bedload transport of eroded aggregates (2–4 mm in diameter) took place by rolling below a mean tangential flow velocity (U_y) of 0·32 ms^?1 and by saltation at higher velocities. Mass transport as bedload was a maximum at U_y = 0·4 ms^?1, although bedload never exceeded 1% of the suspended load. The proportion of material moving as bedload was greatest at the onset of erosion but decreased as flow competence increased. Given the low bulk density and strength of the lakebed sediment, the presence of a bedload component is notable. Bedload transport over eroding cohesive substrates should be greater in estuaries, where both sediment density and strength are usually higher. Significant differences between the ploughed and control sites were apparent in both the erosion rate and the friction coefficient (φ), and suggest that bed recovery after disruption is rapid (< 24 h). τ_c(0) increased linearly with time after ploughing and recovered to the control mean value within 3 days. The friction coefficient was reduced to zero by ploughing (diagnostic of fluidization), but increased linearly with time, regaining control values within 6 days. No long‐term reduction in bed strength due to remediation was apparent.  相似文献   

A Laboratory and Theoretical Study on the Uptake of SO2 Gas by Large and Small Water Drops Containing Heavy Metal Ions     

A. Heusel-Waltrop  K. Diehl  S. K. Mitra  H. R. Pruppacher 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2003,44(2):211-223

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to investigate the uptake of sulfur dioxide by water drops containing heavy metal ions where the metal ions serve as catalysts to oxidise the taken up S(IV) into S(VI). During the gas uptake the drops were freely suspended at their terminal velocity in the airstream of the Mainz vertical wind tunnel. Two series of experiments were carried out, one with large millimeter size water drops containing manganese or iron ions, and the other with small water drops containing manganese ions and having radii in hundreds of micron size range. The experimental results were compared against model computations using the Kronig–Brink model and the fully mixed model, modified for the case that heavy metal ions present in the liquid phase act as catalysts for the oxidising process. The results of the model calculations show that there are only small differences between the predicted gas uptake according to the two models. In addition it was found that the experimental obtained results from the uptake of SO₂ by water drops containing heavy metal ions for both, large and small water drops did agree with the model results.  相似文献   

科学计算可视化技术的研究与应用   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

戴广宏 《地球物理学进展》1997,12(1):108-112

本文介绍了科学计算可视化技术的发展和应用情况，论述了这一新技术的特点及其在油气藏描述，工程设计ＣＡＤ等学科的应用和发展趋势。阐述了目前国际国内计算机图形学领域具体的研究方向和方法及图形软件、图形硬件的发展概况。  相似文献   

临兴上古生界致密储层裂缝发育特征及对致密气富集影响     

刘玲  汤达祯  许浩 《高校地质学报》1997,25(3):457

临兴区块上古生界储集层为致密砂岩，裂缝发育特征及对致密气富集影响尚不清楚，一定程度上制约了甜点区预测。 根据岩心、露头、薄片及测井资料，分析了研究区裂缝发育特征，探讨了裂缝对致密砂岩气富集的影响。临兴区块上古生界主 要发育高角度缝，其次为中低角度缝及水平缝，微观上根据裂缝与矿物颗粒的相对位置关系，可识别出粒内缝、粒缘缝和穿粒 缝，其中粒缘缝最为发育。受塑性泥岩阻挡，裂缝垂向延伸较差，一般延伸1~2 m后消失于泥岩层中，受燕山期北西—南东向 地应力影响，裂缝走向多为北东—南西向，裂缝密度一般2~5条/ｍ。裂缝可改善储集空间、提高油气充注效率，储层裂缝发育 区渗透率可增大1~2个数量级，含气饱和度高，此外，研究区裂缝是油气垂向运移的有效通道，影响着石盒子组及石千峰组致 密气的富集，在后期的勘探开发过程中应充分寻找裂缝发育区，并通过进一步压裂获得高产。  相似文献   

Q/Y-D-Ⅰ型气液比检测仪的研制          下载免费PDF全文

曹鸿国 《探矿工程》1997,(2):24-28

在泡沫导电机理及其电性试验研究基础上，确定了泡沫气液比在线检测的量化模型，据此设计，研制出适应生产现场使用的在线气液比检测仪；同时，对该型仪器的技术性能参数和广泛的适应性作了深入的分析。  相似文献   

人类活动中温室气体的排放对气温影响综述   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

骆高远  肖建成 《热带地理》1997,17(4):378-384

本文广泛参阅了国内外科学家的研究成果，综合论述分析了几种主要温室气体的源、汇及其浓度变化特征，研究分析了其增暖潜力，温室效应的强度和对人类社会各方面的影响，提出人类为保护自身的生存环境，必须严格控制温室气体的排放量。  相似文献   

综合气体地球化学测量     

尹冰川 《物探与化探》1997,21(4):241-246

本文在综合大量资料的基础上,总结了气体地球化学的发展历史,对有关综合气体测量在发展过程中出现的一些术语,阐述了一点浅见,介绍了综合气体测量的采样方法、理论依据,提出了综合气体测量的发展方向。  相似文献   

The respiratory environment of the Namib Desert Golden Mole     

Roger S. Seymour  Mary K. Seely 《Journal of Arid Environments》1996,32(4):453-461

We measured the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) in the interstitial gas surrounding the sand-swimming Namib moleEremitalpa granti namibensis. At a sand temperature of 26 °C, which produced a nearly maximal rate of oxygen consumption, thePO₂near the noses of the animals averaged only 0·9 kPa (6·7 Torr) below the level in the free atmosphere. High oxygen availability was a result of the notably low metabolic rate in the 20 g mammals and the dry, porous and metabolically inactive nature of dune sand. A mathematical model indicated that normal mammals weighing 200 g or more could comfortably exist completely encased in dune sand. We concluded that the moles' small size and low metabolic rate are not adaptations to hypoxia or hypercapnia underground but are probably related to low food availability and the energetic cost of foraging in their desert environment.  相似文献   

油气和含油气包裹体及其在油气地质地球化学研究中的意义   总被引：36，自引：3，他引：36  

潘长春  周中毅 《沉积学报》1996,14(4):15-23

本文在综合前人研究的基础上，结合笔者的工作经验，提出了一个实用的油气和含油气包裹体分类方案，详细论述了各类油气和含油气包裹体的相态、组成和均一温度特征。在同一油气藏，均一温度越高，油相包裹体中的气态烃和挥发份的含量也越高。依据油相包裹体的均一温度的变化及其与同生水溶液包裹体的均一温度的关系可以研究油气藏在充填过程中油气组成，特别是气态烃和挥发份含量的演变。进而可以研究油气藏的油源--生油岩的类型和热演化程度。本文评述了依据油相包裹体和同生水溶液包裹体ＰＶＴ相图推断其捕获温度和压力范围的有效性和局限性。最后讨论了各类油气和含油气包裹体的成因机制及其在油气地质和地球化学研究中的意义。  相似文献   

南海北部大陆架西段地热条件与油气资源前景          下载免费PDF全文

汪缉安  李雨梁 《地质科学》1996,31(4):416-428

北部湾盆地下第三系由于油源母质特性原因和适于生油的空间相对局限,总体上看,天然气的潜力大于石油。生油岩与地温条件在空间上的配置适当决定了珠三盆地油气资源的良好前景。较高的地温与古地温环境是莺琼盆地成为南海北部大陆架天然气富集区的重要条件,较高的地温不仅使盆地中西部上第三系烃源岩能够广泛生气,也是本区有巨大远景的深成高压气(盆地中、西部)与浅成生化成因气的形成与富集的重要条件。  相似文献