Pro‐glacial lake sedimentation from jökulhlaups (GLOF), Blåmannsisen,northern Norway          下载免费PDF全文

Mengzhen Xu  Jim Bogen  Zhaoyin Wang  Truls E. Bønsnes  Stine Gytri 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(5):654-665

Outburst floods from glacier‐dammed lakes are major events associated with glacier thinning and volume reduction. This paper investigates jökulhlaups emanating from the glacier‐dammed lake Øvre Messingmalmvatn at Rundvassbreen, an outlet glacier of the Blåmannsisen ice cap in northern Norway. Since 2001, the lake has several times been observed to drain suddenly, causing jökulhlaup outbursts into the pro‐glacial lake Rundvatnet. Varve analysis and lead‐210 (²¹⁰Pb) dating were used to date sediment cores taken from Rundvatnet. It was found that sedimentation from jökulhlaups is recognizable in the lake as distinct sand layers embedded in the varved silt‐clay sequence which represents the normal lake sedimentation. Sand fractions were carried in suspension because of the extreme hydraulic conditions of jökulhlaups. The thickest sand layer was deposited during the 2001 jökulhlaup which lasted three days and had a total volume of 40 ×10⁶ m³. Jökulhlaups were also recorded in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010; they each resulted in a sand layer. Annual sediment accumulation in Rundvatnet increased up to 10‐fold during the years with jökulhlaup outburst floods, from a normal value of 1–2 mm yr^?1 to 8–10 mm yr^?1. Five other jökulhlaups were identified from the 1910–1930 sedimentation interval, in addition to those observed in 2001–2010; there appear to have been none for 70 years during 1931–2000. Each jökulhlaup was preceded by a period when the glacier thinned to a critical volume and could no longer withstand the hydrostatic pressure of Øvre Messingmalmvatn; consequently a tunnel developed beneath the glacier, leading to a jökulhlaup. Statistical analyses of the correlations between the pro‐glacial sedimentation rate and temperature and precipitation suggested that although climate conditions are expected to influence sedimentation in the pro‐glacial catchment, a host of other interacting factors moderate the availability and delivery of sediment to the pro‐glacial system, making the processes responsible for changes in pro‐glacial sedimentation to remain uncertain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

High resolution mapping of supra‐glacial drainage pathways reveals link between micro‐channel drainage density,surface roughness and surface reflectance          下载免费PDF全文

David M. Rippin  Andrew Pomfret  Nigel King 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(10):1279-1290

This paper reports on the use of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) carrying a standard compact camera, to construct a high resolution orthomosaic (OM) and digital elevation model (DEM) over the lower reaches of the glacier Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard. Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques were used to build the OM and DEM, and together these reveal insights into the nature of supra‐glacial drainage. Major meandering supra‐glacial drainage pathways show clear dynamism, via meander cutoffs and abandoned channels. In addition, the imagery reveals a very extensive network of smaller channels that may well carry substantial amounts of water. This network of channels is in part controlled by the structure of the glacier, but in turn, these channels have a significant impact on the ice surface. Roughness of the ice surface is higher where channels are most extensive. In addition, we find a relationship between channel density and surface reflectance, such that greater channel density is associated with lower reflectance values. Given the role of surface reflectance and roughness in the energy balance of glaciers, it is therefore apparent that extensive networks of small supra‐glacial channels across such glaciers have the potential to have an important impact on energy exchanges between the atmosphere and the ice surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A locally calibrated,late glacial 10Be production rate from a low-latitude,high-altitude site in the Peruvian Andes     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2015

Well-dated records of tropical glacier fluctuations are essential for developing hypotheses and testing proposed mechanisms for past climate changes. Since organic material for radiocarbon dating is typically scarce in low-latitude, high-altitude environments, surface exposure-age dating, based on the measurement of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides, provides much of the chronologic information on tropical glacier moraines. Here, we present a locally calibrated ¹⁰Be production rate for a low-latitude, high-altitude site near Quelccaya Ice Cap (∼13.95°S, 70.89°W, 4857 m asl) in the southeastern Peruvian Andes. Using an independent age (12.35 +0.2, −0.02 ka) of the late glacial Huancané IIa moraines based on thirty-four bracketing radiocarbon ages and twelve ¹⁰Be concentrations of boulders on the moraines, we determine a local production rate of 43.28 ± 2.69 atoms gram⁻¹ year⁻¹ (at g⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Reference ¹⁰Be production rates (i.e., production rates by neutron spallation appropriate for sea-level, high-latitude sites) range from 3.97 ± 0.09 to 3.78 ± 0.09 at g⁻¹ yr⁻¹, determined using scaling after Lal (1991) and Stone (2000) and depending on our assumed boulder surface erosion rate. Since our boulder surface erosion rate estimate is a minimum value, these reference production rates are also minimum values. A secondary control site on the Huancané IIIb moraines suggests that the ¹⁰Be production rates are at least as low as, or possibly lower than, those derived from the Huancané IIa moraines. These sea-level, high-latitude production rates are at least 11–15% lower than values derived using the traditional global calibration dataset, and they are also lower than those derived from the late glacial Breque moraine in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru. However, our sea-level, high-latitude production rates agree well with recently published, locally calibrated production rates from the Arctic, New Zealand, and Patagonia. The production rates presented here should be used to calculate ¹⁰Be exposure ages in low-latitude, high-altitude locations, particularly in the tropical Andes, and should improve the ability to compare the results of studies using ¹⁰Be exposure-age dating with other chronological data.  相似文献   

玉龙雪山冰川沉积序列OSL定年   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

何则  何元庆  张志刚  和丽华  齐翠姗  刘婧 《冰川冻土》2016,38(6):1544-1552

位于青藏高原东南缘的玉龙雪山分布有欧亚大陆纬度最低的海洋型冰川,其主峰及周边地区保存了大量清晰完整的第四纪冰川遗迹。研究该区第四纪冰川作用遗迹及其冰川作用史,具有重要的理论与实际价值。应用光释光（OSL）测年技术对玉龙雪山冰川沉积物进行了定年,结合前人研究资料,重建玉龙雪山冰川作用史。研究结果表明：玉龙雪山东麓的末次冰期冰碛物主要形成于晚更新世末次冰期最盛时期,其平均年代约在25ka,西麓末次冰期冰碛物形成年代约为50ka,对应于深海氧同位素3阶段中期（MIS3b）。而倒数第二次冰期的年代在240ka左右,处于中更新世晚期,对应于MIS8阶段,当时玉龙雪山存在多条复式山谷冰川。该研究可为玉龙雪山第四纪冰川作用历史的重新认识以及光释光测年技术在该区的应用提供基础资料。  相似文献   

Chemical depletion of sediment under the Greenland Ice Sheet          下载免费PDF全文

Joseph A. Graly  Neil F. Humphrey  Joel T. Harper 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(13):1922-1936

The chemical composition of sediment sampled from a network of ice boreholes contacting the bed of the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet is compared to the composition of intact bedrock clasts. This sediment is enriched in silica and depleted in reactive cations compared to the underlying bedrock. In order to test whether these differences result from grain size biases either in sample collection or due to natural sorting, sediment samples were analyzed by grain size aliquots. Enrichment of silicon and depletion of cations is consistent across grain size classes and the compositions of bedrock and subglacial sediment are statistically separate. The difference in composition between subglacial sediment and rock aligns closely with the composition of dissolved solutes in waters sampled from the same field sites and is dissimilar to the composition of the sites' suspended sediment. This implies that chemical weathering rather than disproportionate physical removal of friable minerals is responsible for the compositional differences between rock and sediment. Mass balance analysis implies 3–10% of the sediment's mass is lost to solute dissolution, with approximately double that amount precipitated as clay minerals (a large portion of which may have been physically expelled). This result implies that temperate ice sheet subglacial environments may be more chemically active than previously realized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Digital landscapes of deglaciation: identifying Late Quaternary glacial lake outburst floods using LiDAR          下载免费PDF全文

Varyl R. Thorndycraft  Jonathan E. Cripps  Gwilym L. Eades 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(3):291-307

High resolution DEMs obtained from LiDAR topographic data have led to improved landform inventories (e.g. landslides and fault scarps) and understanding of geomorphic event frequency. Here we use airborne LiDAR mapping to investigate meltwater pathways associated with the Tweed Valley palaeo ice‐stream (UK). In particular we focus on a gorge downstream of Palaeolake Milfield, previously mapped as a sub‐glacial meltwater channel, where the identification of abandoned headcut channels, run‐up bars, rock‐cut terrace surfaces and eddy flow features attest to formation by a sub‐aerial glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) caused by breaching of a sediment dam, likely an esker ridge. Mapping of these landforms combined with analysis of the gorge rim elevations and cross‐section variability revealed a two phase event with another breach site downstream following flow blockage by higher elevation drumlin topography. We estimate the magnitude of peak flow to be 1–3 × 10³ m³/s, duration of the event to range from 16–155 days, and a specific sediment yield of 10⁷–10⁹ m³/km²/yr. We identified other outburst pathways in the lower Tweed basin that help delineate an ice margin position of the retreating Tweed Valley ice stream. The results suggest that low magnitude outburst floods are under‐represented in Quaternary geomorphological maps. We therefore recommend regional LiDAR mapping of meltwater pathways to identify other GLOFs in order to better quantify the pattern of freshwater and sediment fluxes from melting ice sheets to oceans. Despite the relatively low magnitude of the Till outburst event, it had a significant impact on the landscape development of the lower Tweed Valley through the creation of a new tributary pathway and triggering of rapid knickpoint retreat encouraging new regional models of post‐glacial fluvial landscape response. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Retreating ice: research in pro‐glacial areas matters          下载免费PDF全文

Tobias Heckmann  Samuel McColl  David Morche 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(2):271-276

Glacier forefields are landscapes in transition from glacial to non‐glacial conditions; this implies intense geomorphic, hydrological and ecological dynamics with important on‐ and off‐site effects. This special issue collects 13 papers covering recent research in both (sub‐)polar and alpine pro‐glacial environments that focus on (i) pro‐glacial sediment sources, (ii) pro‐glacial rivers, (iii) pro‐glacial lakes, (iv) ground water and ice, and (v) the development of soil and vegetation in its interplay with morphodynamics. Advances in mapping, surveying and geophysical techniques form the basis for research perspectives related to the historical evolution of pro‐glacial areas, the understanding of complex interactions of multiple processes, and the effects of continued glacier recession. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

桂西地区地质遗迹与民族文化资源的空间关系及成因机理   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

黄松  李燕林  李如友 《地理学报》2015,70(9):1434-1448

作为民族地区自然要素与人文要素的核心内容,地质遗迹和民族文化资源存在密切的空间关联和相互作用关系,定量研究两者的空间关系,是揭示民族地区人与自然关系及其成因机理的重要途径。本文从数量空间关系、质量空间关系和空间耦合关系3个方面,提出普适性的地质遗迹与民族文化资源空间关系定量研究方案,并以两类资源优势突出的桂西地区为典型区域展开研究。结果表明：桂西地区地质遗迹与民族文化资源的数量空间关联指数R值为0.478,其显著性检验显示两者之间数量空间关联密切;耦合协调度CI值越高表明地质遗迹与民族文化资源的质量空间关系越密切,桂西地区平均CI值为0.95,达到优质协调等级,表明两者之间具有很高的质量空间关联;耦合型资源评价值D越高表明地质遗迹与民族文化资源空间耦合关系越密切,桂西地区平均D值为1.04,靖西、平果、南丹、宜州等12县（市、区）D值较高,田林、田东、右江等部分县（市、区）D值较低,表明两者之间空间耦合关系总体密切但分布不均衡。地质遗迹与民族文化资源密切空间关系的成因机理,为始终同步进行并贯穿于民族地区人与自然关系各个方面的两者间的相互影响和作用所阐释,地质遗迹及其自然环境构成影响和制约民族文化产生、发展与演变的“地学基因”,而民族文化资源则是体现各民族对地质遗迹及其自然环境的选择与适应能力的创造物。  相似文献   

基于探地雷达的树木根系空间分布及对土遗址影响     

汪万福  武发思  徐瑞红  贺东鹏  邱飞 《中国沙漠》2015,35(5):1163-1170

乔灌木根系对岩土类文物古迹的影响是近年来文物保护工作关注的热点问题,科学监测遗址附近植物根系的空间分布、根径等参数是土遗址风化和机械损害机理研究的任务之一。本文运用探地雷达技术研究了北庭故城遗址周边榆树根系的空间分布特征,探讨了榆树根系对城墙遗址的影响。结果表明:北庭故城4个探测点榆树根系信号所体现的根径信息与树龄吻合,探测区域树木根径范围50~400 mm,多数在100~250 mm。树龄是影响地下根径及空间分布的关键因素。综合考虑树龄、根径比例、大根径走向、树木与遗址位置关系等因素,认为榆树根系对北庭城墙的威胁等级为Ⅲ号探测点(外城南墙中段)>Ⅳ号探测点(外城西墙北段中)>Ⅰ号探测点(外城西墙北段南)>Ⅱ号探测点(外城西北角)。探地雷达技术能够在不损害土遗址本体的前期下,实现对遗址及其周边树木根系的无损监测,在开展植物根系对文物本体安全影响的科学评估中具有较高的应用价值。  相似文献   

雅鲁藏布江中游杰德秀古湖的发现及其意义     

韩建恩  孟庆伟  郭长宝  邵兆刚  王津  余佳  胥彪 《现代地质》2017,31(5):890

在雅鲁藏布江中游山南宽谷段发现了一套湖相沉积地层,形成时代为晚更新世晚期,为冰川阻江形成的堰塞湖沉积物。野外调查发现该套湖相地层在桑日县、乃东县、扎囊县等地均有出露,综合研究认为其为一个东起桑日县扎巴村、西至贡嘎机场附近的大型古堰塞湖泊,面积达700多km2。通过区域调查,该堰塞湖形成的湖相沉积地层在贡嘎县杰德秀镇出露最厚,厚10余m,主要由粉砂质黏土层、细砂层组成,水平纹层等湖相沉积特征明显,本研究称之为杰德秀古湖。杰德秀剖面顶部14C日历校正年龄为15 680～15 105 aBP,属于末次盛冰期。对比林芝古湖、格嘎古湖和松宗古湖等雅鲁藏布江下游堰塞湖的沉积物特征和形成时间,认为杰德秀古湖发育于末次盛冰期。沉积相特征和湖水库容量模拟分析表明,该堰塞湖发育时期,雅鲁藏布江中游山南宽谷段并未完全封闭,为一个湖水面积巨大的过水湖或吞吐湖,类似于现代过水水库。桑日县扎巴村雅鲁藏布江河谷两岸分布有冰碛物,其与雅鲁藏布江中游山南宽谷段的湖相沉积地层的时空关系指示杰德秀古湖与冰川阻塞河道有关,杰德秀古湖是由于冰川阻江形成的冰川堰塞湖。研究结果也进一步说明,雅鲁藏布江现代水系形成以前,其中游不存在面积巨大的众多古湖泊,雅鲁藏布江也不是溯源侵蚀疏干多个古湖泊而形成的,在古湖泊形成之前,雅鲁藏布江已经贯通。雅鲁藏布江流域内的古湖泊是由于气候变化、新构造运动或地震活动等原因造成河道堵塞形成的堰塞湖。  相似文献