基于CT影像的砂岩文物结构特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

王莹莹  徐金明  黄继忠 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2020,31(1):127-134

对于砂岩文物,成分不同、结构不同,表面变化过程和变化结果也不同。以中国三处(石门山、云冈石窟、乐山大佛)砂岩文物为例,联合使用肉眼鉴定与灰度阈值法得到了砂岩文物CT图像中不同矿物成分的实际分布,分析了不同位置切片图像的成分特点与结构特点,研究了砂岩内部结构数字图像特征参数的变化规律,探讨了三处砂岩文物数字图像特征参数的区别及其与岩样外观表现的关系。结果表明,三处砂岩文物样品主要成分均为石英和长石,石英含量大小顺序是石门山砂岩>云冈石窟砂岩>乐山大佛砂岩;乐山大佛砂岩形状变化最小,云冈石窟砂岩次之,石门山砂岩形状最不规则;石门山砂岩纹理最复杂,乐山大佛砂岩最为简单;乐山大佛砂岩表面风化严重、但随深度增加变化不明显,云冈石窟砂岩距表面越深、风化越弱,石门山砂岩风化变化比较复杂。研究结果对石质文物保护具有重要的参考价值。  相似文献   

The glacial landsystem of a tropical glacier: Charquini Sur,Bolivian Andes          下载免费PDF全文

Jakub Małecki  Harold Lovell  Wojciech Ewertowski  Łukasz Górski  Tomasz Kurczaba  Beata Latos  Michał Miara  Dorota Piniarska  Jacek Płocieniczak  Tomasz Sowada  Marcin Spiralski  Anna Warczachowska  Antoine Rabatel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(12):2584-2602

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Excavation of subglacial bedrock channels by seasonal meltwater flow          下载免费PDF全文

Flavien Beaud  Jeremy G. Venditti  Gwenn E. Flowers  Michele Koppes 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(9):1960-1972

Subglacial water flow drives the excavation of a variety of bedrock channels including tunnel valleys and inner gorges. Subglacial floods of various magnitudes – events occurring once per year or less frequently with discharges larger than a few hundred cubic metres per second – are often invoked to explain the erosive power of subglacial water flow. In this study we examine whether subglacial floods are necessary to carve bedrock channels, or if more frequent melt season events (e.g. daily production of meltwater) can explain the formation of substantial bedrock channels over a glacial cycle. We use a one‐dimensional numerical model of bedrock erosion by subglacial meltwater, where water flows through interacting distributed and channelized drainage systems. The shear stresses produced drive bedrock erosion by bed‐ and suspended‐load abrasion. We show that seasonal meltwater discharge can incise an incipient bedrock channel a few tens of centimetres deep and several metres wide, assuming abrasion is the only mechanism of erosion, a particle size of D=256 mm and a prescribed sediment supply per unit width. Using the same sediment characteristics, flood flows yield wider but significantly shallower bedrock channels than seasonal meltwater flows. Furthermore, the smaller the shear stresses produced by a flood, the deeper the bedrock channel. Shear stresses produced by seasonal meltwater are sufficient to readily transport boulders as bedload. Larger flows produce greater shear stresses and the sediment is carried in suspension, which produces fewer contacts with the bed and less erosion. We demonstrate that seasonal meltwater discharge can excavate bedrock volumes commensurate with channels several tens of metres to a few hundred metres wide and several tens of metres deep over several thousand years. Such simulated channels are commensurate with published observations of tunnel valleys and inner gorges. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

藏南冰前湖枪勇错近百年沉积速率变化及冰川进退反演     

张润  金章东  张飞  张小龙  李良波  徐阳  徐柏青 《湖泊科学》2021,33(5):1584-1594

青藏高原上分布着大量的大陆性冰川,其对区域及全球气候变化响应极其敏感.工业革命以来,随着全球升温速率加快(特别是北半球),青藏高原部分地区的冰川在近百年显著退缩.冰前湖沉积物是最直接的冰川变化记录载体之一,但其沉积速率如何响应冰川及气候变化,能否反演冰川进退过程却知之甚少.本文依据~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs限定藏南冰前湖枪勇错QY5沉积岩芯的年龄,计算出不同深度沉积物的沉积速率,且与前人(QY-3)的沉积速率进行对比,揭示了近百年来枪勇错流域冰川变化历史及其与气温之间的关系.结果表明,枪勇错QY5近百年来的平均沉积速率为0.21 cm/a,比湖心(QY-3)快2倍左右,但两者的变化基本同步,高沉积速率对应温度上升期,是冰川退缩的直接响应:(1)1900—1960年,枪勇错沉积速率整体增加且变幅较大,与1890—1950年之间西藏温度波动式升高相对应,反映枪勇冰川总体处于退缩状态;(2)1960—1985年,沉积速率低且变幅较小,同期气温下降,枪勇冰川退缩程度相对较低且保持平稳;(3)1985年以来,枪勇错沉积速率呈上升趋势,是全球增暖下冰川显著退缩的直接响应.在短时间尺度内冰前湖沉积速率所揭示的枪勇冰川变化主要受控于温度,降水量对冰川变化的影响较小,但冰川对温度变化的响应滞后5～10 a.由于全球变暖和冰川对温度响应的滞后,在未来几十年高原冰川的融化速率可能会加快,亚洲水塔将面临着新的挑战.  相似文献   

Glacial deposits at the Boyne Bay Limestone Quarry,Portsoy, and their place in the late Pleistocene history of northeast Scotland     

J. Douglas Peacock  Jon W. Merritt 《第四纪科学杂志》2000,15(5):543-555

The glacial deposits at the Boyne Bay Limestone Quarry near Portsoy, a key Quaternary Site of Special Scientific Interest, comprise (i) a sandy, partly weathered diamicton (Craig of Boyne Till Formation, CBTF) resting on decomposed bedrock, (ii) a central, variably glaciotectonised assemblage of dark clay, diamicton and sand, with rafts of sand and weathered diamicton (Whitehills Glacigenic Formation, WGF), and (iii) an upper dark sandy diamicton (Old Hythe Till Formation, OHTF). The CBTF was probably derived from the west or southwest, and the WGF from seawards. Structures within the OHTF conform to deposition by east‐ or southeast‐moving ice from the Moray Firth, but some erratics indicate derivation from the south. The CBTF is believed to pre‐date the last (lpswichian) interglacial, but the WGF and OHTF both post‐date the early Middle Devensian, and are probably of Late Devensian age. It is proposed that the OHTF was deposited by ice from inland which was directed eastwards near the coast by a vigorous glacier in the Moray Firth, and that the complex, Late Devensian glacial history of the south coast of the Moray Firth as a whole is the result of the interplay of these two contemporary ice‐masses. British Geological Survey. © NERC 2000.  相似文献   

A high‐resolution record of mire development and climatic change spanning the Late‐glacial–Holocene boundary at Church Moss,Davenham (Cheshire,England)     

P. D. M. Hughes  H. K. Kenward  A. R. Hall  F. D. Large 《第四纪科学杂志》2000,15(7):697-724

Excavations of deposits filling a closed basin within glacial drift at Church Moss, Davenham, near Northwich (Cheshire, England) revealed a sequence of Late‐glacial and Early Holocene sediments. Analyses of pollen and plant and invertebrate macrofossils were undertaken, together with loss‐on‐ignition analyses and a programme of AMS radiocarbon dating, to provide a record of changing biostratigraphy and climatic and ecological regimes. The infilling of features identified as frost‐cracks in the till flooring the basin gave remains that reflected conditions of extreme cold towards the end of the Devensian. The pollen record from a 3.5 m sequence of peat towards the deepest part of the basin, supported by radiocarbon dates, shows that organic deposition was initiated during the Late‐glacial Interstadial and continued into the early part of the Holocene. There was some evidence for a cool episode during the interstadial, with amelioration prior to the rapid onset of the tundra conditions of the Loch Lomond Stadial. Following the stadial, amelioration was rapid. There was evidence from both central and marginal sequences for a mosaic of fen dominated by sedges and often also mosses, with short‐lived small pools through much of the succession. Change to terrestrial conditions proceeded intermittently, probably as a result of subsidence caused by solution of underlying salt‐bearing strata. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Palaeoenvironmental change in Java island and its surrounding areas     

Kazuko Urushibara-Yoshino  Masatoshi Yoshino 《第四纪科学杂志》1997,12(5):435-442

Palaeoenvironment in Java island and its surrounding areas since the last interglacial stage was reconstructed initially using previous studies by various researchers. The karst area in Gunung Sewu on Java island was also examined by the authors in order to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment through the process of karstification. Summarizing the evidence related to palaeoclimate in the various areas made it clear that the palaeoclimatic condition was cooler and drier at the Last Glacial Maximum 18 000 yr BP, than today. Formation of dry valleys in Gunung Sewu was conditioned by lowering of sea-level, and establishment of a cool and extremely dry climate. Subsequent to the initial reconstruction, the results of the estimated palaeoclimate at 18 000 yr BP were plotted at the respective points where the samples were obtained, and maps for northern winter and northern summer were constructed showing the estimated streamlines of monsoon circulations, polar frontal zones and intertropical convergence zones, in order to better explain the distribution of the palaeoclimate conditions of the area. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGES ON AQUATIC SYSTEMS: LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES AND PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD REGION     

J. J. MAGNUSON  K. E. WEBSTER  R. A. ASSEL  C. J. BOWSER  P. J. DILLON  J. G. EATON  H. E. EVANS  E. J. FEE  R. I. HALL  L. R. MORTSCH  D. W. SCHINDLER  F. H. QUINN 《水文研究》1997,11(8):825-871

The region studied includes the Laurentian Great Lakes and a diversity of smaller glacial lakes, streams and wetlands south of permanent permafrost and towards the southern extent of Wisconsin glaciation. We emphasize lakes and quantitative implications. The region is warmer and wetter than it has been over most of the last 12000 years. Since 1911 observed air temperatures have increased by about 0·11°C per decade in spring and 0·06°C in winter; annual precipitation has increased by about 2·1% per decade. Ice thaw phenologies since the 1850s indicate a late winter warming of about 2·5°C. In future scenarios for a doubled CO₂ climate, air temperature increases in summer and winter and precipitation decreases (summer) in western Ontario but increases (winter) in western Ontario, northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Such changes in climate have altered and would further alter hydrological and other physical features of lakes. Warmer climates, i.e. 2 × CO₂ climates, would lower net basin water supplies, stream flows and water levels owing to increased evaporation in excess of precipitation. Water levels have been responsive to drought and future scenarios for the Great Lakes simulate levels 0·2 to 2·5 m lower. Human adaptation to such changes is expensive. Warmer climates would decrease the spatial extent of ice cover on the Great Lakes; small lakes, especially to the south, would no longer freeze over every year. Temperature simulations for stratified lakes are 1–7°C warmer for surface waters, and 6°C cooler to 8°C warmer for deep waters. Thermocline depth would change (4 m shallower to 3·5 m deeper) with warmer climates alone; deepening owing to increases in light penetration would occur with reduced input of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from dryer catchments. Dissolved oxygen would decrease below the thermocline. These physical changes would in turn affect the phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and fishes. Annual phytoplankton production may increase but many complex reactions of the phytoplankton community to altered temperatures, thermocline depths, light penetrations and nutrient inputs would be expected. Zooplankton biomass would increase, but, again, many complex interactions are expected. Generally, the thermal habitat for warm-, cool- and even cold-water fishes would increase in size in deep stratified lakes, but would decrease in shallow unstratified lakes and in streams. Less dissolved oxygen below the thermocline of lakes would further degrade stratified lakes for cold water fishes. Growth and production would increase for fishes that are now in thermal environments cooler than their optimum but decrease for those that are at or above their optimum, provided they cannot move to a deeper or headwater thermal refuge. The zoogeographical boundary for fish species could move north by 500–600 km; invasions of warmer water fishes and extirpations of colder water fishes should increase. Aquatic ecosystems across the region do not necessarily exhibit coherent responses to climate changes and variability, even if they are in close proximity. Lakes, wetlands and streams respond differently, as do lakes of different depth or productivity. Differences in hydrology and the position in the hydrological flow system, in terrestrial vegetation and land use, in base climates and in the aquatic biota can all cause different responses. Climate change effects interact strongly with effects of other human-caused stresses such as eutrophication, acid precipitation, toxic chemicals and the spread of exotic organisms. Aquatic ecological systems in the region are sensitive to climate change and variation. Assessments of these potential effects are in an early stage and contain many uncertainties in the models and properties of aquatic ecological systems and of the climate system. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

北京猿人的环境与文化   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

徐钦琦  董为  刘金毅 《第四纪研究》1999,19(2):165-169

周口店第1地点是北京猿人的产地,他们在那里经历了3次冰川旋回或3个冰川年。北京猿人的文化可分为早、中、晚3个时期,它们恰好与3个冰川年完全吻合。晚新生代的几次生物进化事件总是发生在寒冷期的末尾或温暖期的开始。北京猿人石器制作技术水平的两次飞跃也都发生在寒冷期的末尾或温暖期的开始。如果把冰川旋回或冰川年也划分为春、夏、秋、冬的话,那么石器制作技术水平的飞跃和生物进化事件都是发生在冰川年的春季的。  相似文献   

青藏高原冰期环境与冰期全球降温   总被引：36，自引：7，他引：29       下载免费PDF全文

刘东生  张新时 《第四纪研究》1999,19(5):385-396

根据青藏高原及其它地区的降温证据和降温条件下的环境变化模拟,讨论了青藏高原冰期环境变化及机制问题。从模拟结果看,在7～9℃降温条件下,高原冰雪带面积可占高原面积的1/5到1/2.考虑到降温条件下雪盖反射引起的高原冷却所起的正反馈作用,冰期高原上并不排除从山谷冰川发育较大冰盖的可能性。不管冰期高原上有无大面积的冰盖,青藏高原冰期环境出现大的变化是无疑问的。这种变化对冰期季风变化乃至全球气候变化的影响可能是深刻的。  相似文献