关于“冰臼”问题与韩同林先生商榷     

吕一平 《福建地理》2008,(1):89-93

跨世纪的“冰臼”与“壶穴”之争,尘埃未定,缘于尚无定论．“发现冰臼”却常见于报道．本文根据国内研究冰川的成果就韩同林先生《发现冰臼》书中“冰臼”的定义、表现、成因、分布、“冰臼”遗迹的保存机理、“冰说”理论以及模拟“冰臼”的实验设计的合理性等问题提出质疑．从而阐明了：天坑、天井、冰洞、冰湖不是“冰臼”;闽、粤无“冰臼”;“冰说”理论不成立的观点．  相似文献   

纳木错流域近30年来湖泊-冰川变化对气候的响应   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19  

吴艳红  朱立平 《地理学报(英文版)》2008,18(2)

Based upon the 1970 aero-photo topographic map, and TM/ETM satellite images taken in 1991 and 2000, the authors artificially interpreted boundaries of lake and glaciers in Nam Co Catchment, and quantified lake-glacier area variations in different stages by "inte-grated method" with the support of GIS. Results show that from 1970 to 2000, lake area in-creased from 1942.34 km2 to 1979.79 km2 at a rate of 1.27 km2/a, while glacier area de-creased from 167.62 km2 to 141.88 km2 at a rate of 0.86 km2/a. The increasing rate of lake in 1991-2000 was 1.76 km2/a that was faster than 1.03 km2/a in 1970-1991, while in the same period of time, the shrinking rates of glaciers were 0.97 km2/a and 0.80 km2/a respectively.Important factors, relevant to lake and glacier response to the climate, such as air tempera-ture, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and their values in warm and cold seasons,were discussed. The result suggests that temperature increasing is the main reason for the accelerated melting of glaciers. Lake expansion is mainly induced by the increase of the gla-cier melting water, increase of precipitation and obvious decrease of potential evapotranspi-ration. Precipitation, evaporation and their linkages with lake enlargement on regional scale need to be thoroughly studied under the background of global warming and glacier retreating.  相似文献   

东亚沿海山地末次冰期冰川与环境   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张威  闫玲  崔之久  杨建强 《地理学报》2009,64(1)

对东亚沿海山地末次冰期冰川发育的气候条件、构造背景、冰进时序、发育规模等研究表明,台湾山地保存着3期冰川作用遗迹,冰川的最大前进规模发生在MIS3b阶段,其规模大于MIS2阶段;日本山地冰期系列齐全,包含了末次冰期的早(MIS4)、中(MIS3)、晚(MIS2)3个阶段的冰进,其规模是MIS4/3阶段大于MIS2阶段;而长白山存在2期冰川作用的遗迹,即末次冰盛期(MIS2)和晚冰期.在相似的冬雨(雪)型季风影响区,冰川发育的时序与规模也有一定不同,反映出在大气候背景下的区域性差异,在东亚季风影响范围内,末次冰期的环流变化在各地也很不一致.最新推算的现代理论雪线自北(日本)向南(台湾)依次递增,范围是2750～4245 m,除日本北部的高纬地区雪线降低值400 m之外,末次冰盛期(LGM)的雪线降低值在800～1300 m之间,平均值1000 m左右.东亚沿海山地冰川发育与新构造运动密切相关,更新世山体的快速抬升为冰川发育的内因,如台湾山地在末次冰期的MIS3b阶段,山体的抬升量约为250 m,对山体的高度和雪线变化有很大影响.  相似文献   

纳木错流域冰川和湖泊变化对气候变化的响应   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

陈锋  康世昌  张拥军  游庆龙 《山地学报》2009,27(6)

利用纳木错流域及其周边地区气象资料、地形图、遥感资料以及野外实地观测资料,对该流域过去37年来气候变化特征以及冰川、湖泊变化过程进行了分析.结果表明,自1970年以来,纳木错区域气温上升趋势明显,其中冬季升温幅度高于夏季;降水量变化冬、夏两季均呈增加趋势,但冬季增加量不显著.在整体升温的背景下,纳木错流域冰川整体呈退缩趋势.1970～2007年间,流域内冰川面积减少37.1 km~2,占流域冰川面积的18.2%,年变化率为-1.0 km~2/a.流域内扎当冰川和拉弄冰川末端GPS观测表明,1970～2008年间冰川末端分别退缩381.8 m和489.5 m,年均退缩量为10.3 m和13.4 m.1970-2007年间,纳木错湖面积增加了72.6 km~2,增加速率为2.0 km~2/a.1970-1991年、1991-2000年和2000-2007年三个阶段的年增加速率不断增大,分别为1.1、2.8、3.4 km~2/a;湖泊水在在夏季升高非常显著,与湖泊面积的扩张是一致的.  相似文献   

Tephra deposition on glaciers and ice sheets on Mars: Influence on ice survival, debris content and flow behavior   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

L. Wilson  J.W. Head   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,185(4):290

We examine the consequences of pyroclastic deposits being emplaced onto ice layers on Mars, both those in the polar caps and those forming glaciers on the flanks of some of the large shield volcanoes. We show that layers of pyroclasts greater than a few meters in thickness, whether emplaced cold (as fall deposits) or hot (as pyroclastic density current deposits) act almost exclusively to protect ice layers beneath them from sublimation, irrespective of whether they are emplaced at high or low elevations or high or low latitudes. Layers less than about 2 m thick, on the other hand, can cause significant ice loss by raising the surface temperature due to their low albedo and then transmitting that increased temperature to the underlying ice, especially on a diurnal time scale. This can have a significant bearing on the emplacement history of polar water ice and on the survival time of glacial ice on shield volcano flanks. A key factor in the latter case is the timing of the episodic volcanic activity relative to the cycles of climate change driven by Mars' obliquity and eccentricity variations.  相似文献   

An englacial image and water pathways of the Fourcade glacier on King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, inferred from ground-penetrating radar     

LEE Joohan  KIM Ki Young  HONG Jong Kuk  JIN Young Keun 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(6)

The distribution of small fractures and water content of the Fourcade glacier on King George Island, Antarctica, was investigated in November 2006 and December 2007 by two ground-based (470-and 490-m-long profiles) and one helicopter-borne (470-m-long profile) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys using 50-, 100-, and 500-MHz antennas. Radar images in the pre-migrated GPR sections are characterized by a smooth ice surface and irregular bed topography, numerous diffraction hyperbolas in the ice and at the g...  相似文献   

Glacier runoff variation and its influence on river runoff during 1961–2006 in the Tarim River Basin, China     

GAO Xin    YE BaiSheng  ZHANG ShiQiang  QIAO ChengJun  & ZHANG XiaoWen State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences CAREERI  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Lanzhou  China  Cold  Arid Regions Environmental  Engineering Research Institute  The Resource Environment  Urban  Rural Planning Department  Lanzhou Commercial College  Lanzhou 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(6)

Using monthly precipitation and temperature data from national meteorological stations, 90 m resolution DEM and a digital vector map of modern glaciers from the Chinese Glacier Inventory, the glacier mass balance and glacier runoff in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), China, were estimated based on a monthly degree-day model for 1961–2006. The results suggest that the modified monthly degree-day model can simulate the long-term changes in glacier mass balance and glacier runoff, which have been confirmed by shor...  相似文献   

Rock glacier dynamics in marginal periglacial environments     

Enrique Serrano  José Juan de Sanjosé  Juan José González‐Trueba 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(11):1302-1314

Vertical electric sounding, bottom temperature of winter snowcover (BTS) and ground thermal measurement, debris surface analysis and a differential global positioning system (DGPS) survey were performed on the Posets rock glacier (Pyrenees) between 2001 and 2008. High precision records of horizontal and vertical movements of the rock glacier were measured using a DGPS on ten steel rods. Total and annual average displacements and thickness changes for each control point were derived from the field survey. Horizontal and vertical displacement rates in different sectors of the rock glacier were compared, and these compared with thermal, structural and morphological maps. The inferred surface deformation was characterized by extensional and compressive flows in which two dynamic types were found. The first type of movement is defined by the slide and flows related to the existence of an ice body over the frost body. The second dynamic type involved the displacement generated by deformation of the frozen body. The study attempts to understand the surface movement and dynamics of rock glaciers in marginal cold environments and their usefulness as environmental geoindicators. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Debris entrainment by basal freeze‐on and thrusting during the 1995–1998 surge of Kuannersuit Glacier on Disko Island,west Greenland     

Nicolaj K. Larsen  Christian Kronborg  Jacob C. Yde  Niels Tvis Knudsen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(5):561-574

Kuannersuit Glacier, a valley glacier on Disko Island in west Greenland, experienced a major surge from 1995 to 1998 where the glacier advanced 10·5 km and produced a ～65 m thick stacked sequence of debris‐rich basal ice and meteoric glacier ice. The aim of this study is to describe the tectonic evolution of large englacial thrusts and the processes of basal ice formation using a multiproxy approach including structural glaciology, stable isotope composition (δ¹⁸O and δD), sedimentology and ground‐penetrating radar. We argue that the major debris layers that can be traced in the terminal zone represent englacial thrusts that were formed early during the surge. Thrust overthrow was at least 200–300 m and this lead to a 30 m thick repetition of basal ice at the ice margin. It is assumed that the englacial thrusting was initiated at the transition between warm ice from the interior and the cold snout. The basal debris‐rich ice was mainly formed after the thrusting phase. Two sub‐facies of stratified basal ice have been identified; a lower massive ice facies (S_M) composed of frozen diamict enriched with heavy stable isotopes overlain by laminated ice facies (S_L) consisting of millimetre thick lamina of alternating debris‐poor and debris‐rich ice. We interpret the stratified basal ice as a continuum formed mainly by freeze‐on processes and localized regelation. First laminated basal ice is formed and as meltwater is depleted more sediment is entrained and finally the glacier freezes to the base and massive diamict is frozen‐on. The increased ability to entrain sediments may partly be associated with higher basal freezing rates enhanced by loss of frictional heat from cessation of fast flow and conductive cooling through a thin heavily crevassed ice during the final phase of the glacier surge. The dispersed basal ice facies (D) was mainly formed by secondary processes where fine‐grained sediment is mobilized in the vein system of ice. Our results have important implications for understanding the significance of basal ice formation and englacial thrusting beneath fast‐flowing glaciers and it provides new information about the development of landforms during a glacier surge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

近30年珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区冰川变化的遥感监测   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16  

聂勇  张镱锂  刘林山  张继平 《地理学报》2010,65(1):13-28

利用1976、1988和2006年的3期陆地卫星遥感数据,采用面向对象的解译方法并结合专家知识分类规则自动提取珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区(以下简称珠峰保护区)3个时期的冰川信息,并利用遥感、地理信息系统和图谱的方法对冰川时空分布特征和变化及其原因与不确定性进行了分析。结果如下:(1)2006年珠峰保护区内冰川面积为2710.17±0.011km²,为研究区总面积的7.41%,主要分布在研究区南部海拔4700～6800m的高山区;(2)1976-2006年,珠峰保护区冰川持续退缩明显,总面积减少501.91±0.035km²,冰湖扩张迅速(净增加36.88±0.035km²);研究区南坡子流域冰川退缩率(16.79%)高于北坡子流域(14.40%);珠峰保护区冰川以退缩为主,退缩冰川主要分布于海拔4700～6400m,退缩区上限海拔为6600～6700m;(3)1976年以来,气温显著上升和降水减少是冰川退缩的关键因素。  相似文献