长江三峡库区玉溪遗址地层沉积特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐伟峰  朱诚 《地层学杂志》2008,32(1):21-26

在考古断代和AMS14C测年基础上,通过对洪水沉积环境以及三峡库区中坝遗址1981年洪水沉积和玉溪疑似古洪水沉积的粒度对比分析,发现它们的平均粒径、分选系数、偏度和峰度都在同一值域范围内;概率累积曲线都呈明显的三段式,从而推断出玉溪遗址的文化间隙层为古洪水沉积。  相似文献   

The Campanian Ignimbrite (southern Italy) geochemical zoning: insight on the generation of a super-eruption from catastrophic differentiation and fast withdrawal   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Lucia Pappalardo  Luisa Ottolini  Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(1):1-26

More than ca 100 km³ of nearly homogeneous crystal-poor phonolite and ca 100 km³ of slightly zoned trachyte were erupted 39 ka during the Campanian Ignimbrite super eruption, the most powerful in the Neapolitan area. Partition coefficient calculations, equilibrium mineral assemblages, glass compositions and texture were used to reconstruct compositional, thermal and pressure gradients in the pre-eruptive reservoir as well as timing and mechanisms of evolution towards magma chamber overpressure and eruption. Our petrologic data indicate that a wide sill-like trachytic magma chamber was active under the Campanian Plain at 2.5 kbar before CI eruption. Thermal exchange between high liquidus (1199°C) trachytic sill and cool country rocks caused intense undercooling, driving a catastrophic and fast (10² years) in situ fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation that produced a water oversaturated phonolitic cap and an overpressure in the chamber that triggered the super eruption. This process culminated in an abrupt reservoir opening and in a fast single-step high decompression. Sanidine phenocrysts crystal size distributions reveal high differentiation rate, thus suggesting that such a sill-like magmatic system is capable of evolving in a very short time and erupting suddenly with only short-term warning.  相似文献   

Permeability of compacted granule–clay mixtures     

A. Shafiee   《Engineering Geology》2008,97(3-4):199-208

Achieving a sufficiently low permeability for the aggregate-clay mixtures, whether used as the core of embankment dam or soil liner, is essential. The study illustrates the role of granule (bead or aggregate) content and size, confining stress and fabric anisotropy on the permeability of ceramic bead–lean clay and aggregate-fat clay mixtures. It is shown that depending on the plasticity of the clay, the permeability may decrease or increase with bead/aggregate content. The permeability also decreases when either granule size or confining stress increases. It is found that the permeability is affected by fabric anisotropy in such a manner that its value in the horizontal direction (k_h) is more than that in the vertical direction (k_v), however, k_h/k_v decreases towards 1 for bead contents equal to or below 40%. In high bead content mixtures (i.e., 60% beads) k_h/k_v reaches as high as 3 with an increase in the confining stress. The concept of the development of heterogeneous field of density in the clay is also used to demonstrate the impact of granule size and fabric anisotropy on the permeability.  相似文献   

Settling velocities of particulate systems 15: Velocities in turbulent Newtonian flows     

F. Concha   《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2008,88(3-4):89-93

The success in previous papers of this series in obtaining closed form solutions to the sedimentation of individual particles and to the suspensions of particles in fluids motivated the application of the same procedure to the turbulent flow of Newtonian fluids in conduits.The purpose of this paper is to present explicit equations for the Fanning friction factor and of the average velocity of a Newtonian fluid in a cylindrical tube, for any value of the Reynolds number and dimensionless roughness.Previously published equations for the friction coefficient are either implicit or explicit in the friction coefficient but dependent on the Reynolds number. Since the Reynolds number depends on the pipe diameter and fluid velocity, in both cases iterative method must be used to calculate the flowrate.By defining a dimensionless pipe diameter and a dimensionless average fluid velocity, and using conduit-flow material properties to define characteristic size and velocity parameters, explicit equations were obtained for the friction coefficient and for the average flow velocity valid for different roughness and flow regimes.  相似文献   

Effects of in-situ conditions on relative permeability characteristics of CO2-brine systems   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Stefan Bachu  Brant Bennion 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(8):1707-1722

Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCGS) is an emerging technology that is increasingly being considered for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Deep saline aquifers provide a very large capacity for CO₂ storage and, unlike hydrocarbon reservoirs and coal beds, are immediately accessible and are found in all sedimentary basins. Proper understanding of the displacement character of CO₂-brine systems at in-situ conditions is essential in ascertaining CO₂ injectivity, migration and trapping in the pore space as a residual gas or supercritical fluid, and in assessing the suitability and safety of prospective CO₂ storage sites. Because of lack of published data, the authors conducted a program of measuring the relative permeability and other displacement characteristics of CO₂-brine systems for sandstone, carbonate and shale formations in central Alberta in western Canada. The tested formations are representative of the in-situ characteristics of deep saline aquifers in compacted on-shore North American sedimentary basins. The results show that the capillary pressure, interfacial tension, relative permeability and other displacements characteristics of CO₂-brine systems depend on the in-situ conditions of pressure, temperature and water salinity, and on the pore size distribution of the sedimentary rock. This paper presents a synthesis and interpretation of the results.  相似文献   

Identification and micro‐stratigraphy of hyperpycnites and turbidites in Cretaceous Lewis Shale,Wyoming     

OLATUNDO A. SOYINKA  ROGER M. SLATT 《Sedimentology》2008,55(5):1117-1133

Sandy hyperpycnal flows and their deposits, hyperpycnites, have been documented in modern environments and, more recently, in Cretaceous and Tertiary strata; they may be more common in the rock record, and within petroleum reservoirs, than has been previously thought. Muddy hyperpycnites also occur within the rock record, but these are more difficult to document because of their finer‐grained nature and lack of common sedimentary structures. This paper documents the presence of submarine slope mudstone and siltstone hyperpycnites (and muddy turbidites) in the delta‐fed, Upper Cretaceous Lewis Shale of Wyoming; based on field measurements, analyses of rock slabs and thin sections, and laser grain‐size distributions. Four lithofacies comprise laminated and thin‐bedded mudstones that are associated with levéed channel sandstones: (L1) grey, laminated, graded mudstone with thin siltstone and sandstone interbeds; (L2) dark grey to tan, laminated mudstone with very thin siltstone and sandstone stringers; (L3) light grey, laminated siltstones; and (L4) laminated mudstones and siltstones with thin sandstone interbeds. Two styles of mudstone grain‐size grading have been documented. The first type is an upward‐fining interval that typically ranges in thickness from 2·5 to 5 cm. The second type is a couplet of a lower, upward‐coarsening interval and an upper, upward‐fining interval (sometimes separated by a micro‐erosion surface) which, combined, are about 3·8 cm thick. Both individual laminae and groups of laminae spaced millimetres apart exhibit these two grain‐size trends. Although sedimentary structures indicative of traction‐plus‐fallout sedimentary processes associated with sandier hyperpycnites are generally absent in these muddy sediments, the size grading patterns are similar to those postulated in the literature for sandy hyperpycnites. Thus, the combined upward‐coarsening, then upward‐fining couplets are interpreted to be the result of a progressive increase in river discharge during waxing and peak flood stage (upward increase in grain‐size), followed by waning flow after the flood begins to abate (upward decrease in grain‐size). The micro‐erosion surface that sometimes divides the two parts of the size‐graded couplet resulted from waxing flows of sufficiently high velocity to erode the sediment previously deposited by the same flow. Individual laminae sets which only exhibit upward‐fining trends could be either the result of waning flow deposition from either dilute turbidity currents or from hyperpycnal flows. The occurrence of these sets with the size‐graded couplets suggests that they are associated with hyperpycnal processes.  相似文献   

博格达南缘二叠系古土壤类型及其在层序地层研究中的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

冯乔  杨晚  柳益群 《沉积学报》2008,26(5):725-729

古土壤是在地质时期经成壤作用改造原岩而形成土壤。野外实地详细考察和室内研究表明,博格达南缘二叠系中发育4类古土壤,即有机土壤,发育于土壤剖面的近顶部,属于潮湿古环境的产物;泥质土壤,主要发育于淋滤带和淋滤带底部泥质沉淀带,形成于长期淋滤和比较潮湿的古环境;铁质土壤以富含铁质结核为特征,是长期淋滤和潮湿古环境的标志;钙质土壤以富含钙质结核为特征,是干旱—半干旱古环境的标志。通过古土壤的研究能够精细地划分层序旋回和恢复沉积古环境。  相似文献   

一种便携式船舱容量测量技术     

邓非  胡敏捷  胡玉雷  陈志  何江 《测绘科学》2017,42(8)

针对传统的基于全站仪的船舱容量计量方法存在采样点密度不足、人为影响因素较大、自动化程度不高等缺点,该文提出了一种基于结构光和近景摄影测量技术的便携式船舱容量测量技术。首先利用结构光为船舱内壁提供纹理信息,然后基于近景摄影测量技术获取舱室表面点云,最后基于Nurbs曲面拟合船舱内壁三维模型并计算船舱容量。实验结果证明,该技术具有可行性和可靠性,能满足高精度舱容计量需求。  相似文献   

1949-2015年中国典型自然灾害及粮食灾损特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

赵映慧  郭晶鹏  毛克彪  项亚楠  李怡函  韩家琪  吴馁 《地理学报》2017,72(7):1261-1276

中国是一个自然灾害频发的国家,研究其自然灾害演变特征及粮食灾损规律,对实现中国社会经济可持续发展、解决中国粮食安全问题具有重要意义。本文先基于Python语言编程获取1949-2015年中国31省市自然灾害造成的受灾、成灾、绝收面积,构建灾害强度指数分析不同灾种的时序特征分异,利用趋势分析、ESDA方法分析不同灾种在省域空间的分布特征及冷热区;再获取1949-2015年粮食种植数据,通过粮食灾损估算模型、定义粮食灾损率、地理空间探测器,计算并检验中国粮食损失时空特征及分异性。结果表明：① 相比受灾面积曲线,本文构建的灾害程度指数能够更好揭示自然灾害时序演变特征;② 1949-2015年期间中国两大主力灾害（洪灾、旱灾）交替出现,未来5~10年以洪灾为主;③ 灾种排序旱灾>洪灾>风雹>低温>台风,其中旱灾、洪灾受灾占比过半;④ 省域不同灾种间空间趋势变化特征明显,区域受灾面积东部>西部,北部>南部,且北部灾种单一、南部多灾并发;⑤ 自然灾害受灾总和、旱灾、雹灾、低温空间上全局自相关性不显著,呈随机模式分布,洪涝、台风在空间分布上具有显著的全局自相关性,呈集聚模式;⑥ 1949-2015年灾害、灾损量、灾损率整体时序趋势呈现先升后降,2000年为临界点,空间分布具有异质性,单因子解释力度差异显著,多因子交互均呈非线性增强关系,胡焕庸线两侧冷热点分布呈两极化且其重心向北迁移。建议政府加强除旱减雹（西北）、除旱排内涝（东北）、排涝防冻（中部）、排涝预台（东南沿海）等工程技术措施;同时西北（环境恶劣）、东北（中国粮仓）应作为防灾减灾重点保护区,制定专项保护方案,以保证中国粮食丰产增收。  相似文献   

Exploring the performance of spatio-temporal assimilation in an urban cellular automata model     

Xuecao Li  Yuyu Zhou  Tengyun Hu  Lu Liang  Xiaoping Liu 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(11):2195-2215

Urban cellular automata (CA) models propagate and accumulate errors during the modeling process due to the model structure or stochastic processes involved. It is feasible to assimilate real-time observations into an urban CA model to reduce model uncertainties. However, the assimilation performance is sensitive to the spatio-temporal units in the assimilation algorithm, that is, spatial block size and window length (temporal interval). In this study, we coupled an assimilation model, an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and a Logistic-CA model to simulate the urban dynamic in Beijing over a period of two decades. Our results indicate that the coupled EnKF-CA model outperforms the CA-alone counterpart by about 10% in terms of the figure of merit, which reflects the agreement of modeled pixels. We also find that the assimilation performance using a finer block (1 km) is better than that using a coarser block (5 km and 10 km) because of the better depiction of spatial heterogeneity using a finer block. Moreover, the improvement of intermediate outputs using the coupled EnKF-CA model is effective for a certain period (e.g. 5 years). This implies that a high-frequency assimilation may not significantly improve the model performance. The sensitivity analyses of spatio-temporal assimilation in the EnKF-CA model provide a better understanding of the assimilation mechanism that couples with land-use change models.  相似文献