Strain memory of 2D and 3D rigid inclusion populations in viscous flows — What is clast SPO telling us?     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2014

We model the development of shape preferred orientation (SPO) of a large population of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) rigid clasts suspended in a linear viscous matrix deformed by superposed steady and continuously non-steady plane strain flows to investigate the sensitivity of clasts to changing boundary conditions during a single or superposed deformation events. Resultant clast SPOs are compared to one developed by an identical initial population that experienced a steady flow history of constant kinematic vorticity and reached an identical finite strain state, allowing examination of SPO sensitivity to deformation path. Rotation paths of individual triaxial inclusions are complex, even for steady plane strain flow histories. It has been suggested that the 3D nature of the system renders predictions based on 2D models inadequate for applied clast-based kinematic vorticity gauges. We demonstrate that for a large population of clasts, simplification to a 2D model does provide a good approximation to the SPO predicted by full 3D analysis for steady and non-steady plane strain deformation paths. Predictions of shape fabric development from 2D models are not only qualitatively similar to the more complex 3D analysis, but they display the same limitations of techniques based on clast SPO commonly used as a quantitative kinematic vorticity gauge. Our model results from steady, superposed, and non-steady flow histories with a significant pure shearing component at a wide range of finite strain resemble predictions for an identical initial population that experienced a single steady simple shearing deformation. We conclude that individual 2D and 3D clasts respond instantaneously to changes in boundary conditions, however, in aggregate, the SPO of a population of rigid inclusions does not reflect the late-stage kinematics of deformation, nor is it an indicator of the unique ‘mean’ kinematic vorticity experienced by a deformed rock volume.  相似文献   

Modelling of shear stiffness of unsaturated fine grained soils at very small strains     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2014

The shear modulus at very small strains (less than 0.001%) is an important parameter in the design of geotechnical structures subjected to static and cyclic loadings. Although numerous soil models are available for predicting shear modulus of saturated and dry soils, only a few ones can predict shear stiffness at very small strains of unsaturated soils correctly. In this study, a few unsaturated soil models are evaluated critically and compared with a newly developed model. This newly proposed model is verified by using measured shear modulus at very small strains for three different low plasticity fine grained soils available in the literature. It is found that this new model can predict shear modulus at very small strain resulting from an increase and a decrease in mean net stress at constant matric suction for low plasticity fine grained soils. Moreover, this model is able to give a reasonably good prediction on shear stiffness at very small strain during wetting of a collapsible unsaturated soil. In addition, the newly proposed model is illustrated to capture a consistent trend with experimental data of shear stiffness at very small strain for non-collapsible soils obtained during drying–wetting cycles. This evaluation revealed that the newly proposed model has better predictive capabilities than some earlier formulations of the same simplicity. In addition, the proposed model with fewer parameters has similar predictive capability as compared with a more complex model.  相似文献   

Bartington MS2和Kappabridge MFK1-FA不同频率的磁化率在黄土、红粘土和湖相沉积物中的应用   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

徐新文  强小科  符超峰  赵辉  陈艇  孙玉芳 《地球物理学报》2012,55(1):197-206

通过Bartington MS2 和Kappabridge MFK1-FA两种仪器对黄土-古土壤、红粘土和湖相沉积物样品进行了5个频率的磁化率测试,并计算得到了4个频率磁化率.通过对比分析不同类型样品磁化率-频率变化曲线可知,当样品中细颗粒磁性矿物含量较高时,磁化率在较低频率即可达到峰值,而当样品中细颗粒磁性矿物含量较低时,磁化率在较高频率时才能达到峰值.因此,在黄土-古土壤等样品的应用中,成壤作用较强,细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物含量较高,Bartington MS2的低频(465 Hz)与Kappabridge MFK1-FA的F₁(976 Hz)和F₂(3905 Hz)频率均处于磁化率峰值区域,可以检测到SP/SD阀值区域颗粒的信息,但是对于红粘土和湖相沉积物等细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物含量较低的样品,磁化率峰值对应的频率较高,MS2型磁化率仪无法有效地检测其中细颗粒的含量,而MFK1-FA中F₂(3905 Hz)和F₃(15616 Hz)两个频率间的频率磁化率则可以较好地完成这一任务.  相似文献   

Fine‐grained meandering systems of the Lower Permian Clear Fork Formation of north‐central Texas,USA: Lateral and oblique accretion on an arid plain          下载免费PDF全文

Sharane S.T. Simon  Martin R. Gibling 《Sedimentology》2017,64(3):714-746

Facies models that adequately represent the diverse range of fine‐grained fluvial systems are currently lacking from the literature. In this paper, the spectrum of these systems on the arid plains of western equatorial Pangea is explored, as well as the source and nature of the fine‐grained sediments. Eight fluvial elements in the Early Permian Clear Fork Formation of north‐central Texas represent channel systems up to 7 m deep with coarse basal deposits, three types of lateral‐accretion deposits and sandstone sheets, with laminated, disrupted and massive mudstones laid down in abandoned channels and on floodplains. The three fine‐grained fluvial styles represent a continuum between two end‐members: sustained lateral accretion of bedload composed of quartzose sediments and mud aggregates on point bars, and oblique accretion of suspended sediment on steep accretionary benches and banks with limited lateral migration. This spectrum is controlled, in part, by grain size and the proportion of suspended to bedload sediments. The presence of rarely documented swept ripples on exhumed accretion surfaces is attributed to rapid decline in water levels and downstream re‐entry of overbank floodwaters into the channel. Rill casts, roots and disrupted mudstones low down in channel bodies indicate periods of near‐dryness. Laterally extensive sheet sandstones were formed by episodic flows in broad, sandbed channels. The fluvial sediments were primarily intrabasinally sourced with extrabasinal sediments brought in during major floods from upland source areas or reworked from local storage in the basin, representing a supply limited system. The upward change in cement composition from mainly calcite and ankerite to dolomite and gypsum with minor celestine implies increasingly saline groundwater and progressive aridification, supporting Late Palaeozoic palaeoclimatic models. By integrating petrographic data with sedimentology, a plethora of information about ancient landscapes and climate is provided, allowing a fuller comparison between the Clear Fork Formation and modern dryland alluvial plains.  相似文献   

冻融循环对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能影响的试验研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

陈涛  毕贵权  陈国良  杨晗  牛富俊  穆彦虎  罗京 《冰川冻土》2019,41(3):587-594

循环冻融作用下粗粒土的力学性质对于高寒地区边坡稳定性分析意义重大。以藏区某一排土场土体作为依托,开展了不同冻融循环次数后不同级配黏质粗粒土的单轴压缩试验,研究冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土单轴抗压性能的影响。结果表明：冻融循环作用对黏质粗粒土应力-应变关系曲线性状及破坏模式有一定的影响,可使其应变呈现由脆性破坏（软化）向塑性流动（硬化）变化的规律。当提高冻融循环次数时,该类土体的弹模和抗压强度均显著减小,其中5~9次冻融循环前减小幅度较大,之后基本保持不变。单轴抗压性能的弱化与土样循环冻融过程中伴随的细颗粒团聚、大中孔隙增多、密实度下降有关。20次冻融循环后,该土质土样抗压强度、弹模最大降低幅度各自高达43%和77%。可见随着提高细砾组的含量,土样的抗压强度和弹模均呈现下降的趋势,这与该土样内粗、细土颗粒的比例及强度发挥机理密切相关。粗粒土单轴抗压破坏应变随冻融循环次数和细砾组含量的增加有一定的增加趋势。  相似文献   

泡塑埋入法找金应用效果及发展前景   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

宋磊 《铀矿地质》1993,(1)

本文重点阐明了利用泡塑埋入法找金,从找矿机理和应用效果,均优于土壤测量法。该法能消除“粒金效应”,减少次生晕运移现象,对找隐伏矿体和盲矿体能强化异常,是解决次生晕运移、覆盖厚、找矿难的有效方法之一。在实际找矿应用中,该法具有简单、快速、成本低、找矿周期短、效率高、找矿效果好的特点,获得明显的经济效益和找矿效果。该法进一步改进和完善后,将有广阔的发展前景。  相似文献   

松辽盆地东缘下白垩统营城组二段火山碎屑沉积的过程、相和结构   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

程日辉  刘万洙  王璞珺  侯景涛  姜雪  李飞 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2007,37(6):1166-1175

松辽盆地东缘六台地区营城组露头地质调查和实验室分析显示,貌似正常碎屑岩的营二段是一套复杂的火山熔岩和沉积岩之间的过渡岩性。这套岩性包括了碎屑熔岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质碎屑岩和正常碎屑岩,显示了它们形成于火山—沉积盆地的过渡环境,即火山斜坡过渡到冲积平原和湖泊环境。与火山作用有关岩相有4种端元的火山碎屑岩相:弹射坠落爆发空落相、喷射降落爆发空落相、热碎屑流相和热基浪相。火山物质堆积在火山斜坡以及前方的冲积平原上,往往以火山碎屑岩相或者冲积扇相、辫状河相保存;它们堆积在湖泊中则为三角洲相、扇三角洲相、较深水相和沼泽相。这些相的空间组合反映了火山喷发—碎屑堆积的过程。根据旋回发育营二段可以区分出3种类型的充填序列:沉积—火山充填序列、沉积充填序列和火山充填序列。较为完整的序列为粗碎屑岩—火山岩和火山碎屑岩—细碎屑岩,对应着裂谷类盆地断裂作用—火山作用—沉积充填的过程,记录在特定的地层结构中。  相似文献   

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组浅水湖相细粒沉只岩岩目特征、成因模式及页岩油意义     

李天军  黄志龙  张亦婷  王瑞  张华  周在华 《地质学报》2021,95(12):3869-3884

本文通过岩芯观察、常规薄片、全岩X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜等技术手段,结合无机地球化学沉积环境指标,对胜北洼陷七克台组二段(J2q2)浅水湖相细粒岩的岩相特征和沉积环境等进行研究,建立浅水湖相细粒岩沉积成因模式,并分析了其页岩油/致密油储层意义.研究结果表明:研究区细粒沉积岩具有复杂的矿物成分和沉积组构,有机质含量变化较大.综合矿物组分、沉积构造、有机质特征等因素,将七克台组二段细粒岩划分了11种岩相类型,主要为多组分混杂岩相,每一类岩相具有多种沉积构造,包括块状、含颗粒非纹层状和纹层状等类型.其中以含有机质块状长英质细粒混积/沉积岩相、含有机质块状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相和含有机质块状黏土质细粒混积岩相为主,少量的富有机质纹层状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相和含颗粒非纹层状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相.在古气候偏干旱、古盐度高、水体相对较深、陆源碎屑供给弱的条件下,湖盆水体主要发生化学和生物化学作用,碳酸盐细粒沉积岩/混积岩相较发育.不同沉积环境的岩相在垂向上频繁叠置,交互出现,可总结为4种岩相组合类型,分别形成于浅水碳酸盐颗粒滩-湖湾相组合、湖湾-灰泥坪相组合、灰泥坪-砂泥坪相组合和混积滩坝-浅湖泥相组合.在细粒岩的岩相类型、特征、沉积环境及垂向演化序列研究的基础上,最终建立了七克台组二段浅水湖相细粒岩沉积模式.该套细粒岩具有中等偏高的生烃潜力,碳酸盐含量高的细粒岩发育碳酸盐晶间孔隙和微裂缝,且脆性矿物含量高而易于后期压裂改造,具备形成页岩油/致密油的有利条件,具有重要的勘探意义.  相似文献   

K–Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar phengite ages of Sanbagawa schist clasts from the Kuma Group, central Shikoku, southwest Japan     

Nguyen D.  Nuong  Tetsumaru  Itaya    Hironobu  Hyodo  Kazumi  Yokoyama 《Island Arc》2009,18(2):282-292

Conglomerates of the Kuma Group, central Shikoku, southwest Japan contain Sanbagawa schist clasts with a variety of metamorphic grades and lithologies. K–Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of phengite show all the pelitic schist clasts from low- to high-grade zones have similar phengite ages (82–84 Ma) that are significantly older than those from the in situ Sanbagawa sequence of central Shikoku. This is because the Kuma–Sanbagawa sequence was exhumed earlier than the in situ Asemi sequence with an exhumation process intermediate between those for the Kanto Mountains and the in situ Asemi sequences. ⁴⁰A/³⁹Ar plateau ages (103 and 117 Ma) of phengite in amphibolites indicate the timing of the early stage of the exhumation of the metamorphic pile, probably close to the peak metamorphic age.  相似文献   

基于状态参数的粗粒土应变软化和剪胀性模型研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙吉主  施戈亮 《岩土力学》2008,29(11):3109-3112

基于状态参数的概念,将粗粒土峰值应力比和剪胀比视为状态参数的函数,同时考虑初始模量随围压的变化,提出了一个弹塑性模型和模型参数的确定方法。该模型形式较简单,概念清晰,可以描述较大的密度和压力范围内粗粒土的应变软化和剪胀性,以及它们对物理状态和有效围压的依赖性。通过比较模型预测与粗粒土的三轴试验结果,证明了模型的合理性。  相似文献