城市节水工作存在的问题及对策研究     

邵泽宝  刘乃行  王松江 《地下水》2003,25(4):251-253

水资源匮乏已成为当今社会发展不可回避的主要问题，成为制约国民经济快速、稳定、健康发展的“瓶颈”，解决这一问题成为当务之急，本文就城市节水存在的问题，提出了加强节水管理的综合性措施。  相似文献   

Characterisation of the 1997 Vulcanian explosions of Soufrière Hills Volcano,Montserrat, by video analysis     

Formenti  Y.  Druitt  T. H.  Kelfoun  K. 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2003,65(8):587-605

The activity of Convention at Montserrat Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, during the period 1995–1999 included numerous violent explosions. Two major cycles of Vulcanian explosions occurred in 1997: a first of 13 explosions between 4 and 12 August and a second of 75 between 22 September and 21 October. The explosions were short-lived events lasting a few tens of seconds during which partial fountain collapse generated pyroclastic surges and pyroclastic flows, and buoyant plumes ascended 3–15 km into the atmosphere. Each explosion discharged on average 3×10⁵ m³ (dense-rock equivalent, DRE) of magma, draining the conduit to depths of 1–2 km. The paper focuses on the first few seconds of three explosions of the 75 that occurred in September/October 1997: 6 October 1997 at 17:50, 7 October 1997 at 16:02 and 9 October 1997 at 12:32. Physical parameters such as exit velocities, magmatic water contents and magma pressures at fragmentation are estimated by following and modelling the ascent of individual momentum-dominated finger jets visible on videos during the initial stages of each explosion. The model treats each finger jet as an incompressible flow sustained by a steady flux of gas and particles during the few seconds of ascent, and produces results that compare favourably with those using a multiphase compressible code run using similar eruptive parameters. Each explosion reveals a progressive increase in eruptive intensity with time, jet exit velocities increasing from 40 m s^–1 at the beginning of the explosion up to 140 m s^–1 after a few seconds. Modelling suggests that the first magma to exit was largely degassed, whereas that discharged after a few seconds contained up to 2 wt% water. Magma overpressures up to ~10 MPa are estimated to have existed in the conduit immediately prior to each explosion. Progressive increases in jet exit velocity with time over the first few seconds of each explosion provide direct evidence for strong pre-eruptive gradients in water content and magma pressure in the upper reaches (probably 100–500 m) of the conduit. Fountain collapse occurred during the first 10–20 s of each explosion because the discharging jets had bulk densities up to 100 times that of the atmosphere and were unable to entrain enough air to become buoyant. Such high eruptive densities were due to the presence of partially degassed magma in the conduit.Editorial responsibility: A. Woods  相似文献   

Lithology and palynology of Neogene sediments on the narrow edge of the Kitakami Massif (basement rocks), northeast Japan: Significant change for depositional environments as a result of plate tectonics     

Koji Yagishita  Akiko Obuse  Hiroshi Kurita 《Island Arc》2003,12(3):268-280

Abstract A controversial stratigraphic section, the Taneichi Formation, is exposed along the Pacific Coast of northeastern Honshu, the main island of the Japanese Archipelago. Although most sediments of the formation have long been dated as late Cretaceous, the northern section of it has been assigned to (i) the Upper Cretaceous; (ii) the Paleogene; or (iii) the Neogene. In the present report, we present the data of palynological and sedimentological studies, showing that the northern section should be assigned to the Neogene. A more important point in the present study is that we invoke some basic principles of fluvial sedimentology to resolve this stratigraphic subject. The lignite layers full of Paleogene–Miocene dinoflagellate cysts and pollen assemblages drape over the boulder‐sized (>40 cm in diameter) clasts in the northern section. However, the layers totally consist of aggregates of small lignite chips, indicating that the lignites are allochthonous materials. The mega‐clasts with derived microfossils in the lignites are thought to have been deposited as Neogene fluvial (flood) sediments in the newly formed Japanese Archipelago. Prior to the Miocene, the northern Honshu was part of the Eurasian Plate, thus the boulder‐sized clasts cannot be envisaged as long river flood deposits along the continental Paleogene Pacific Coast. Instead, the mega‐clasts with the draping lignites were probably derived from nearby Miocene highlands in the newly born island arc.  相似文献   

A hybrid indirect boundary element—discrete wave number method applied to simulate the seismic response of stratified alluvial valleys     

S. A. Gil-Zepeda  J. C. Montalvo-Arrieta  R. Vai  F. J. Snchez-Sesma 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2003,23(1):77-86

A hybrid indirect boundary element – discrete wavenumber method is presented and applied to model the ground motion on stratified alluvial valleys under incident plane SH waves from an elastic half-space. The method is based on the single-layer integral representation for diffracted waves. Refracted waves in the horizontally stratified region can be expressed as a linear superposition of solutions for a set of discrete wavenumbers. These solutions are obtained in terms of the Thomson–Haskell propagators formalism. Boundary conditions of continuity of displacements and tractions along the common boundary between the half-space and the stratified region lead to a system of equations for the sources strengths and the coefficients of the plane wave expansion. Although the regions share the boundary, the discretization schemes are different for both sides: for the exterior region, it is based on the numerical and analytical integration of exact Green's functions for displacements and tractions whereas for the layered part, a collocation approach is used. In order to validate this approach results are compared for well-known cases studied in the literature. A homogeneous trapezoidal valley and a parabolic stratified valley were studied and excellent agreement with previous computations was found. An example is given for a stratified inclusion model of an alluvial deposit with an irregular interface with the half-space. Results are displayed in both frequency and time domains. These results show the significant influence of lateral heterogeneity and the emergence of locally generated surface waves in the seismic response of alluvial valleys.  相似文献   

深圳市东湖矿泉水形成机理探讨   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

苏春利  李义连  王焰新 《地质科技情报》2003,22(4):85-90

深圳市东湖矿泉水是自然界十分稀少的锶—锌—偏硅酸碳酸复合型矿泉水，通过对矿泉水赋存地的地质与水文地质条件的分析，并结合其水文地球化学特征，认为东湖矿泉水形成的主要控制性因素是构造作用和变质作用；在特定的水文地质条件下，深部碳酸盐类岩石受热硅化变质而产生大量CO2气体，使得各种化学元素在含有大量CO2的地下水的溶滤作用下不断迁移和富集而形成该区地下水中良好的元素组合。在其特征成分中，偏硅酸来自裂隙渗透水的溶滤和岩浆期后热液水的作用，微量元素锶主要来源于钾长石、钙长石，锌则主要来自岩浆活动以及岩脉中的黑云母、角闪石、辉石等铁镁硅酸盐矿物；并认为目前矿泉水含水层仍处于良好的地质环境保护下。  相似文献   

Impact of precipitation seasonality changes on isotopic signals in polar ice cores: a multi-model analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Krinner  M. Werner 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,216(4):525-538

For Central Greenland, water isotope analysis indicates a temperature difference of about 10°C since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, borehole thermometry and gas diffusion thermometry indicate that LGM surface temperatures were about 20°C colder than today. Two general circulation model studies have shown that changes in the seasonal precipitation timing in Central Greenland might have caused a warm bias in the LGM water isotope proxy temperatures, and that this bias could explain the difference in the estimated paleotemperatures. Here we present an analysis of a number of atmospheric general circulation model simulations mostly done within the framework of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project. The models suggest that the seasonal cycle of precipitation and surface mass balance over Central Greenland at the LGM might have been very different from today. This supports the idea that the accuracy of the water isotope thermometry at the LGM in Greenland might be compromised as a result of a modified surface mass balance seasonality. However, the models disagree on the amplitude and sign of the bias. For Central East Antarctica, a strong seasonality effect on the LGM isotopic signal is not simulated by any of the analyzed models. For the mid-Holocene (6 kyr BP) the models suggest relatively weak isotope paleothermometry biases linked to changes in the surface mass balance seasonality over both ice sheets.  相似文献   

The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

G. Gyssels  J. Poesen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(4):371-384

While it has been demonstrated in numerous studies that the aboveground characteristics of the vegetation are of particular importance with respect to soil erosion control, this study argues the importance of separating the influence of vegetation on soil erosion rates into two parts: the impact of leaves and stems (aboveground biomass) and the influence of roots (belowground biomass). Although both plant parameters form inseparable constituents of the total plant organism, most studies attribute the impact of vegetation on soil erosion rates mainly to the characteristics of the aboveground biomass. This triggers the question whether the belowground biomass is of no or negligible importance with respect to soil erosion by concentrated flow. This study tried to answer this question by comparing cross‐sectional areas of concentrated flow channels (rills and ephemeral gullies) in the Belgian Loess Belt for different cereal and grass plant densities. The results of these measurements highlighted the fact that both an increase in shoot density as well as an increase in root density resulted in an exponential decrease of concentrated flow erosion rates. Since protection of the soil surface in the early plant growth stages is crucial with respect to the reduction of water erosion rates, increasing the plant root density in the topsoil could be a viable erosion control strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A procedure for evaluating seismic energy demand of framed structures     

Chung‐Che Chou  Chia‐Ming Uang 《地震工程与结构动力学》2003,32(2):229-244

Energy serves as an alternative index to response quantities like force or displacement to include the duration‐related seismic damage effect. A procedure to evaluate the absorbed energy in a multistorey frame from energy spectra was developed. For low‐ to medium‐rise frames, it required a static pushover analysis of the structure to determine the modal yield force and ductility factor of an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom system for the first two modes. The energy spectra were then used to determine the energy contribution of each mode. A procedure was also developed to distribute the energy along the frame height based on energy shapes. This study showed that the second‐mode response in some cases needs to be considered to reflect the energy (or damage) concentration in the upper floors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

GIS支持下的吉林西部水质预警研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

董志颖  李兵  孙晶 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2003,33(1):56-58

借助于GIS强大的空间分析功能，采用共享软件，对水质进行预警，并将预警结果与其它地理信息相叠加，提出了GIS支持下的水质预警的方法和流程。以吉林西部潜水水质为例进行预警研究，结果表明，该区已有25％的地区出现了不同程度的警性，并呈恶化趋势。  相似文献   

结合水动力学原理在尼尔基水利枢纽·右岸副坝下游浸没研究中的应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

金云弼  崔贤淑  李济民  申林 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2003,33(1):67-70

应用结合水动力学原理，采用野外调查和室内试验研究相结合、宏观 观研究和粘土微观研究相结合的方法，对粘土层的渗流特征进行了专门研究，确定粘土起始比降I0值，以确定测压水位与粘土不带水位、毛细力与毛管水上升高度之间的关系。在三维渗流电网络计算的基础上，进一步进行了粘土层内含水带的埋深计算，并重新选定毛管水上升高度值和浸没临界深度。研究结果表明，副坝下游浸没范围和程度大大减轻，只要进行适当的工程处理，下游浸没影响当可消除，建筑物安全也是有保证的。  相似文献