IPCC emission scenarios: How did critiques affect their quality and relevance 1990–2022?     

《Global Environmental Change》2022

Long-term global emission scenarios enable the analysis of future climate change, impacts, and response strategies by providing insight into possible future developments and linking these different climate research elements. Such scenarios play a crucial role in the climate change literature informing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Assessment Reports (ARs) and support policymakers. This article reviews the evolution of emission scenarios, since 1990, by focusing on scenario critiques and responses as published in the literature. We focus on the issues raised in the critiques and the possible impact on scenario development. The critique (280) focuses on four areas: 1) key scenario assumptions (40%), 2) the emissions range covered by the scenarios and missing scenarios (25%), 3) methodological issues (24%), and 4) the policy relevance and handling of uncertainty (11%). Scenario critiques have become increasingly influential since 2000. Some areas of critique have decreased or become less prominent (probability, development process, convergence assumptions, and economic metrics). Other areas have become more dominant over time (e.g., policy relevance & implications of scenarios, transparency, Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) assumptions, missing scenarios). Several changes have been made in developing scenarios and their content that respond to the critique.  相似文献   

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)slc7A8基因分子特征及表达分析          下载免费PDF全文

熊钢  刘臻  王晓清  鲁双庆  张建社  谢帝芝  罗小华 《海洋与湖沼》2010,41(6):935-940

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆鲫鱼slc7A8基因的全长cDNA序列,对基因序列用生物软件对基因进行生物信息分析,用Real-time PCR方法检测基因在组织中的mRNA表达丰度。结果表明,鲫鱼slc7A8cDNA全长为2709bp,包含195bp的5′UCR序列,921bp的3′UCR序列,1593bp开放阅读框,编码530个氨基酸序列;鲫鱼与斑马鱼基因同源性和编码氨基酸同源性分别为88.9%和95.5%,而与其他动物分别在70.1%-74.8%和80.6%-82.1%之间;预测编码蛋白的分子量为57719.84,等电点为4.8,对其结构预测显示该蛋白具有与哺乳动物十分相似的12个螺旋跨膜结构,跨膜区氨基酸高度保守,不同动物间的同源性都在92.2%以上;Real-time PCR检测鲫鱼组织中的mRNA表达丰度高低顺序为前肠、中肠、脑、后肠、肌肉、肾、鳃、心、肝脏。  相似文献   

Paleo- and Mesoarchean TTG-sanukitoid to high-K granite cycles in the southern São Francisco craton,SE Brazil     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(5):101372

The generation of the continental crust is widely accepted to have taken place predominantly in the Archean, when TTG magmatism associated with greenstone-belt supracrustal succession development was typically followed by emplacement of high-K granites before crustal stabilization. This study focuses on the Campos Gerais complex (CGC), which is an Archean granite-greenstone belt lithological association in a tectonic window located in the southwesternmost portion of the São Francisco craton (SFC). The CGC is an important segment of Paleo- to Mesoarchean continental crust to be integrated into paleogeographic reconstructions prior to the transition into the Paleoproterozoic. This investigation reports field relationships, 28 major and trace element compositions, U–Pb (zircon) geochronological results, and Hf and Sm–Nd isotope data for orthogneiss and amphibolite samples. The results indicate that the CGC records a complex Archean crustal evolution, where voluminous 2.97 Ga TTG tonalites and trondhjemites (ε_Nd(t) =  ? 4.7; T_DM = 3.24 Ga) were followed by 2.89 Ga sanukitoid tonalite production (ε_Nd(t) =  ? 1.9; T_DM = 3.02 Ga), broadly coeval with the development of the Fortaleza de Minas and Pitangui greenstone-belts. These events are interpreted to represent the initial stage of an important subduction-accretion tectonic cycle, which ended with the emplacement of 2.82–2.81 Ga high-K leucogranites and migmatization of the TTG-sanukitoid crust, with hybrid and two-mica, peraluminous compositions (ε_Nd(t) =  ? 8.0 to ? 8.6; T_DM = 3.57 – 3.34 Ga). The presence of inherited zircons with ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages of 3.08 Ga, 3.29 Ga, 3.55 Ga and 3.62 Ga indicates that the Mesoarchean tectonic processes involved reworking of Meso- to Eo-archean crust. Renewed TTG magmatism took place at ca. 2.77 Ga represented by juvenile tonalite stocks (ε_Nd(t) = +1.0 to ? 1.5; T_DM = 2.80 – 2.88 Ga) which intrude the TTG-greenstone belt association. Crustal stabilization was attained by 2.67 Ga, allowing for the emplacement of within-plate tholeiitic amphibolites (ε_Nd(t) =  ? 3.1; T_DM = 2.87 Ga). The CGC shows important tectonic diachronism with respect to other Archean terrains in the southern São Francisco craton, including an independent Meso- to Neoarchean crustal evolution.  相似文献   

Exposure to extreme climate decreases self-rated health score: Large-scale survey evidence from China     

《Global Environmental Change》2022

High temperature is a growing threat and impacts public health through different exposure mechanisms. Our study constructs a comprehensive exposure measurement based on temperature variability, duration, and effective influence range. We investigate human responses to high temperatures through self-rated health scores based on individual-level data from China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS). Results show that higher temperature and temperature variability significantly decrease self-rated health scores. Subjective health risk is most significantly related to the cumulative temperature in the previous two weeks. We also find that the exposure effects at night and on weekdays are more severe. Workers who experience greater exposure from commuting and work environments are negatively impacted by high temperatures. In addition, men, the elderly, middle and low education groups, rural residents are more likely to be impacted by high temperatures.  相似文献