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61.
天然气水合物大致经历了实验室研究、管道堵塞及防治、资源调查与开发利用4个发展阶段,中国目前正处于资源调查阶段的早期。自1999年开始,中国先后开展了南海、东海、陆上冻土区和国际海底区域天然气水合物的调查研究,相继发现了一系列地质、地球物理和地球化学异常标志,并在南海北部神狐地区成功采到水合物实物样品,取得了找矿工作的重大突破,显示出良好的找矿前景,但目前仍存在着调查研究程度较低、技术装备比较落后等问题。随着国家对天然气水合物重视程度的加强,中国天然气水合物的调查研究进程将会将进一步加快,并在不久的将来过渡到试生产阶段和商业性生产阶段。 相似文献
62.
As the globally largest area covered by high altitudinal permafrost, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may contribute substantially to atmospheric CH4 budget when global warming. Preliminary observations on CH4 emission at Qingshuihe from November 5 to 14, 1995 show that alpine grassland may be a small source for atmospheric CH4 during early winter. The emission rates of CH4 from moist grassland surface varied from-16. 1 to 23. 9 μg. m-2h-1, with an average of 1. 82 μg. m-2h-1. Emission rates of CH4 from water surface of Qingshuihe River were from -21. 0 to 37. 1 μg. m-2h-1, with an average of 1. 56 μg. m-2h-1. The emission rates of CH at 30 to 200 cm in depth ranged from-69. 0 to 36. 0 μg. m-2h-1, with the average rate at these depths varying from -2. 15 to 2. 04 μg' m-2h-1. The mean emission rates of CH4 in the active layer and permafrost indicate the lower part of active layer tends to release CH4, CH4 is absorbed at low rates in the middle section and in the vicinity of permafrost table, and net fluxes of CH4 is emitted from the soils in the upper part. During the observation periods, the methane concentrations in static chambers and emission rates of grassland and water surface displayed noticeable diurnal variations. The water/ice content may play important role in the spatial variations of methane emission rates. The emission rates of methane is weakly correlated with the ground temperatures at sampling depths and air temperatures. The observed emission rates of methane from the comparatively dry and sandy grassland soils are quite low compared with that observed in the permafrost regions in the high latitudes. 相似文献
63.
The high-temperature and pressure experimental data of garnet, sillimantite and biotite-bearing potash feldspar gneiss (SGBG,
natural block rock) has shown that metamorphic reactions between garnet and melt, and mineral assemblage evolutional features
are not only controlled byP-T condition, but also genetically correlate with dehydration-melting of biotite and partial melting of felsic minerals. Combining
experimental data with theoretical analyses, the genetic mechanism of metamorphic reaction and its dynamic significance have
been demonstrated in the process of metamorphic evolution of khondalite series on the border of Jin (Shanxi Province)-Inner
Mongolia.
Project supported by the Youth Geologist Foundation of Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China, the Post-docter
Foundation and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49572138). 相似文献
64.
65.
Tracing variability of run‐off generation in mountainous permafrost of semi‐arid north‐eastern Mongolia
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The headwaters of mountainous, discontinuous permafrost regions in north‐eastern Mongolia are important water resources for the semi‐arid country, but little is known about hydrological processes there. Run‐off generation on south‐facing slopes, which are devoid of permafrost, has so far been neglected and is totally unknown for areas that have been affected by recent forest fires. To fill this knowledge gap, the present study applied artificial tracers on a steppe‐vegetated south‐facing and on two north‐facing slopes, burned and unburned. Combined sprinkling and dye tracer experiments were used to visualize processes of infiltration and water fluxes in the unsaturated zone. On the unburned north‐facing slope, rapid and widespread infiltration through a wet organic layer was observed down to the permafrost. On the burned profile, rapid infiltration occurred through a combusted organic and underlying mineral layer. Stained water seeped out at the bottom of both profiles suggesting a general tendency to subsurface stormflow (SSF). Ongoing SSF could directly be studied 24 h after a high‐intensity rainfall event on a 55‐m hillslope section in the burned forest. Measurements of water temperature proved the role of the permafrost layer as a base horizon for SSF. Repeated tracer injections allowed direct insights into SSF dynamics: A first injection suggested rather slow dispersive subsurface flow paths; whereas 18 h later, a second injection traced a more preferential flow system with 20 times quicker flow velocities. We speculate that these pronounced SSF dynamics are limited to burned slopes where a thermally insulating organic layer is absent. On three south‐facing soil profiles, the applied tracer remained in the uppermost 5 cm of a silt‐rich mineral soil horizon. No signs of preferential infiltration could be found, which suggested reduced biological activity under a harsh, dry and cold climate. Instead, direct observations, distributed tracers and charcoal samples provided evidence for the occurrence of overland flow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
66.
The scale issue is of central concern in hydrological processes to understand the potential upscaling or downscaling methodologies, and to develop models for scaling the dominant processes at different scales and in different environments. In this study, a typical permafrost watershed in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau was selected. Its hydrological processes were monitored for 4 years from 2004 to 2008, measuring the effects of freezing and thawing depth of active soil layers on runoff processes. To identify the nature and cause of variation in the runoff response in different size catchments, catchments ranging from 1·07 to 112 km2 were identified in the watershed. The results indicated that the variation of runoff coefficients showed a ‘V’ shape with increasing catchment size during the spring and autumn seasons, when the active soil was subjected to thawing or freezing processes. A two‐stage method was proposed to create runoff scaling models to indicate the effects of scale on runoff processes. In summer, the scaling transition model followed an exponential function for mean daily discharge, whereas the scaling model for flood flow exhibited a linear function. In autumn, the runoff process transition across multiple scales followed an exponential function with air temperature as the driving factor. These scaling models demonstrate relatively high simulation efficiency and precision, and provide a practical way for upscaling or downscaling runoff processes in a medium‐size permafrost watershed. For permafrost catchments of this scale, the results show that the synergistic effect of scale and vegetation cover is an important driving factor in the runoff response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
67.
68.
青藏高原多年冻土层中地下冰储量估算及评价 总被引:12,自引:7,他引:5
过去几十年来,沿青藏公路/铁路多年冻土区已经完成了数千个钻孔的钻探工作.经过仔细筛选,对其中的697个钻孔剖面的地下冰分布状况和其中9261个重量含水量的分布特征进行了分析.在水平方向上,依据地下冰的分布特征,把青藏公路/铁路沿线的多年冻土划分成少冰冻土、多冰冻土、富冰冻土、饱冰冻土和含土冰层5个含冰量类别,并详细统计了各类冻土沿公路所占里程.在垂向上,将每个钻孔划分出3个深度段:即多年冻土上限以下1m范围内、上限下深1~10m段及上限下10m以下段,统计了各深度地下冰储量.青藏公路沿线多年冻土的平均厚度为38.79m,平均含水量为17.19%,据此初步估算出青藏高原多年冻土区地下冰的总储量为9528km3. 相似文献
69.
青藏高原多年冻土活动层土壤水分对高寒草甸覆盖变化的响应 总被引:9,自引:6,他引:3
对青藏高原高寒草甸30%、60%和93%三种覆盖度下,多年冻土活动层的土壤水分随季节变化的观测研究,结果表明:多年冻土活动层土壤水分分布对植被覆盖变化响应强烈.年内不同时期,植被覆盖度为65%和30%的土壤表层20cm深度内水分含量及分布相似,每次降水后30%覆盖度土壤水分的变率略大于65%覆盖度的;而93%覆盖度土壤水分在年内解冻开始到冻结前均小于前两种覆盖类型;植被覆盖度越小,土壤冻结和融化响应时间越早,响应历时也越短;浅层土壤冻结和融化对植被覆盖度的响应程度较强,接近深层土壤冻结和融化对植被覆盖度的响应程度降低.覆盖度为30%和65%土壤水分在整个冻结过程的减少幅度比93%覆盖度土壤大10%~26%,而融化期水分增加幅度更大为1.5%~80%;土壤冻融的相变水量对植被覆盖度变化响应明显,植被覆盖度降低,土壤冻结和融化相变水量增大.由于受植被蒸腾与地表蒸散发和土壤温度梯度的影响,融化期土壤剖面的水分重新分配,总体上呈现水分向剖面上部和底部迁移,剖面中部60~80cm深度左右的土壤出现"干层". 相似文献
70.