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11.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2005,28(4):305-312
A note is presented on tsunami bore front. This tsunami bore front is an old dynamical problem but also a new problem to be understood. The tsunami event on 2004 December 26 has raised this is an urgent problem. The author introduces here a model in order to see a hydrodynamical specific property of the tsunami bore front. This modeling gives us a new understanding about what mechanics is for the interested tsunami bore front, especially, around a coastal zone. This work adds a new understanding about mechanics of water motions as the tsunamis generated by the earthquake undersea at a distant area from the coast. The model in this work points out a specific transitional pattern as a function of time and space of tsunami bore front. This modeling gives what is essential at considering tsunami bore front. 相似文献
12.
Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single- and two-phase hydrocarbon columns 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Cap-rock seals can be divided genetically into those that fail by capillary leakage (membrane seals) and those whose capillary entry pressures are so high that seal failure preferentially occurs by fracturing and/or wedging open of faults (hydraulic seals). A given membrane seal can trap a larger oil column than gas column at shallow depths, but below a critical depth (interval), gas is more easily sealed than oil. This critical depth increases with lower API gravity, lower oil GOR and overpressured conditions (for the gas phase). These observations arise from a series of modelling studies of membrane sealing and can be conveniently represented using pressure/ depth (P/D) profiles through sealed hydrocarbon columns. P/D diagrams have been applied to the more complex situation of the membrane sealing of a gas cap underlain by an oil rim; at seal capacity, such a two-phase column will be always greater than if only oil or gas occurs below the seal.These conclusions contrast with those for hydraulic seals where the seal capacity to oil always exceeds that for gas. Moreover, a trapped two-phase column, at hydraulic seal capacity will be less than the maximum-allowed oil-only column, but more than the maximum gas-only column. Unlike membrane seals, hydraulic seal capacity should be directly related to cap-rock thickness, in addition to the magnitude of the minimum effective stress in the sealing layer and the degree of overpressure development in the sequence as a whole.Fault-related seals are effectively analogous to membrane cap-rocks which have been tilted to the angle of the fault plane. Consequently, all of the above conclusions derived for membrane cap-rocks apply to both sealing faults sensu stricto (fault plane itself seals) and juxtaposition faults (hydrocarbon trapped laterally against a juxtaposed sealing unit). The maximum-allowed two-phase column trapped by a sealing fault is greater than for equivalent oil-only and gas-only columns, but less than that predicted for a horizontal membrane cap-rock under similar conditions. Where a two-phase column is present on both sides of a sealing fault (which is at two-phase seal capacity), a deeper oil/water contact (OWC) in one fault block is associated with a deeper gas/oil contact (GOC) compared with the adjacent fault block. If the fault seal is discontinuous in the gas leg, however, the deeper OWC is accompanied by a shallower GOC, whereas a break in the fault seal in the oil leg results in a common OWC in both fault blocks, even though separate GOC's exist. Schematic P/D profiles are provided for each of the above situations from which a series of fundamental equations governing single- and two-phase cap-rock and fault seal capacities can be derived. These relationships may have significant implications for exploration prospect appraisal exercises where more meaningful estimates of differential seal capacities can be made.The membrane sealing theory developed herein assumes that all reservoirs and seals are water-wet and no hydrodynamic flow exists. The conclusions on membrane seal capacity place constraints on the migration efficiency of gas along low-permeabiligy paths at depth where fracturing, wedging open of faults and/or diffusion process may be more important. Contrary to previous assertions, it is speculated that leakage of hydrocarbons through membrane seals occurs in distinct pulses such that the seal is at or near the theoretically calculated seal capacity, once this has been initially attained.Finally, the developed seal theory and P/D profile concepts are applied to a series of development geological problems including the effects of differential depletion, and degree of aquifer support, on sealing fault leakage, and the evaluation of barriers to vertical cross-flow using RFT profiles through depleted reservoirs. It is shown that imbibition processes and dynamic effects related to active cross-flow across such barriers often preclude quantitative analysis and solution of these problems for which simulation studies are usually required. 相似文献
13.
1 .IntroductionEvery year ,Taiwanis subjectedtotwo or three typhoonintrusions in average which always causedisasters . Most of the disasters which occur around the coastal zone are due to seabed instability andcoastal structure destruction caused bytyphoo… 相似文献
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15.
Xian-Huan Wen 《Mathematical Geology》1994,26(6):717-731
Field tests of hydraulic conductivity (e.g., injection test, pumping test, etc.) in low permeability formations are subject to censoring due to the detection limit of the instruments used. An iterative method of estimating the mean and variance of hydraulic conductivity data with a presumed log-normal distribution function is presented. This method accounts for the data that are actually below the lower detection limit (called truncated data) and thus gives distribution parameters that are more representative for the underlying distribution. The proposed method is then tested on two simulated normally distributed random datasets having different variances. The results show that the means and variances estimated by the proposed method are very accurate. Finally, the method is used to estimate the mean and variance of hydraulic conductivity data from single hole water injection tests in a fractured geological formation. 相似文献
16.
Risk and uncertainty assessments for waste containment systems employing clay barriers often include spatial variability in
the hydraulic conductivity as part of the analysis. The two-parameter log-normal distribution is often used to describe the
spatial variability, but for compacted clays the three-parameter form can be more appropriate. A statistical hypothesis test
was developed that can be used to determine if the two- or three-parameter form of the log-normal distribution is more appropriate.
The test is based on a likelihood ratio, comparing likelihood functions for the two- and three-parameter forms at their maximums.
Likelihood functions are used assuming that a data set can be segregated into a set of distinct groups of hydraulic conductivities.
A step-by-step calculation procedure is described and the test is applied to data collected from 45 sites. 相似文献
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18.
Abdullah Al-Khanbashi Shihab W. Abdalla 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(6):1603-1625
This study reports on waterborne polymer emulsion systems that were used for structural modification of sandy soils. The first
emulsion used was a styrene-acrylic, copolymer emulsion; the second and third were vinyl-acrylic, copolymer-based emulsions.
Specimens were prepared by adding different polymer emulsions to the sand and water in prescribed amounts. The performance
of the different emulsion systems as sand stabilizers was estimated through measurement of the hydraulic conductivity and
compressive strength. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity were conducted in a flexible membrane test apparatus. The hydraulic
conductivity for the three emulsions decreased at different rates, with an increase in polymer content up to 3 wt. (i.e.,
% by weight). Additional increase of polymer content did not introduce significant decrease in hydraulic conductivity, and,
at 5 wt.%, the three emulsions had essentially the same effect. Measurements made on dry cylindrical specimens disclosed remarkable
enhancement in the mechanical behavior of the system. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the examined emulsions
increased with a higher concentration of polymer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the reduction in the permeability
and the improved mechanical properties can be attributed to three dominant structural changes: the development of interconnecting
ties between the sand particles, the development of adhesion between neighboring sand particles in contact, and the covering
of the sand particles with a thin polymer film. 相似文献
19.
1 IntroductionFracturing plays an important role in increasingthe production and injection and enhancing the final re-covery of oil and gas. At present, the use of ahydroxypropyl guar gum, borate-crosslinked, hydraulicfracturing fluid systemhas become ext… 相似文献
20.