Schmidt‐hammer exposure‐age dating (SHD) of snow‐avalanche impact ramparts in southern Norway: approaches,results and implications for landform age,dynamics and development          下载免费PDF全文

John A. Matthews  Lindsey J. McEwen  Geraint Owen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(13):1705-1718

Schmidt‐hammer exposure‐age dating (SHD) was applied to the problem of dating the diachronous surfaces of five distal river‐bank boulder ramparts deposited by snow avalanches plunging into the Jostedøla and Sprongdøla rivers in the Jostedalsbreen region of southern Norway. Approaches to local high‐precision linear age calibration, which controlled in different ways for boulder roundness, were developed. The mean age (SHD_mean) and the maximum age (SHD_max) of surface boulders were estimated for whole ramparts, crests and distal fringes. Interpretation was further assisted by reference to R‐value distributions. SHD_mean ages (with 95% confidence intervals) ranged from 520 ± 270 years to 5375 ± 965 years, whereas SHD_max ages (expected to be exceeded by <5% of surface boulders) ranged from 675 to 9065 years. SHD ages from the Jostedøla ramparts tended to be older than those associated with the Sprongdøla, rampart crests were younger than the respective distal fringes, and use of relatively rounded boulders yielded more consistent SHD ages than angular boulders. The SHD_mean ages indicate differences in recent levels of snow‐avalanche activity between ramparts and provide insights into rampart dynamics as boulders are deposited on rampart crests and, in smaller numbers, on the distal fringes. SHD_max ages provide minimum age estimates of rampart age (i.e. the time elapsed since the ramparts began to form) and suggest that at least some of the ramparts have been developing since the early Holocene. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

ENDOLITHIC LICHENS,RAPID BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING AND SCHMIDT HAMMER R‐VALUES ON RECENTLY EXPOSED ROCK SURFACES: STORBREEN GLACIER FORELAND,JOTUNHEIMEN, NORWAY     

JOHN A. MATTHEWS  GERAINT OWEN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(4):287-297

The endolithic lichen Lecidea auriculata is known to enhance rock surface weathering on the Little Ice Age moraines of the glacier Storbreen in Jotunheimen, central southern Norway. This study demonstrates the reduction in Schmidt hammer Rvalues that followed the rapid colonization by this lichen of pyroxene‐granulite boulders on terrain deglaciated over the last 88 years. In the absence of this lichen, the characteristic mean R‐value of boulder surfaces is 61.0 ± 0.3; where this lichen is present, R‐values are lower by at least 20 units on surfaces exposed for 30–40 years. A similar reduction in rock hardness on rock surfaces without a lichen cover requires about 10 ka. The rapid initial weakening of the rock surfaces is indicative of rates of biological weathering by endolithic lichens that may be two orders of magnitude (200–300 times) faster than rates of physico‐chemical weathering alone. If not avoided, the effects of this type of lichen are likely to negate the effectiveness of the Schmidt hammer and other methods for exposure‐age dating, including cosmogenic‐nuclide dating, in severe alpine and polar periglacial environments. The results also suggest a new method for dating rock surfaces exposed for <50 years.  相似文献   

填土地基强夯加固效果研究          下载免费PDF全文

张北战  姚仰平  方雨菲 《地震工程学报》2015,37(S1):30-34

针对回填土地基,通过量纲分析得到强夯加固深度和累积夯沉量的计算公式,结合已有工程资料对所提出的计算公式进行验证。结果表明:该公式能够较为精确地预测填土地基的加固深度与累积夯沉量;分析表明:累积夯沉量与加固深度比值随着诸多要素而变化,仅在确定的落距和夯锤半径范围内的才可以作为常数进行推广;最后分析夯锤半径及厚度对强夯效果的影响。  相似文献   

蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤的应用研究     

张飞 《地质与勘探》2017,53(6):1188-1196

蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤钻具是在普通绳索取心钻具总成上端增加了发生和传递冲击载荷的结构,将冲击载荷通过绳索取心钻具外管传递至钻头。新疆达坂城黑沟-达拉地布拉克铀矿工区裂隙、构造蚀变带和构造破碎带发育,地层破碎,使用普通绳索取心钻具钻进,岩心极易堵塞、回次进尺短、频繁打捞内管、钻进效率极低。使用蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤钻具钻进,增加了回次进尺,提高了钻进效率。论文依据施工现场使用情况,介绍了蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤的结构和工作原理,统计、总结了应用情况,论述了绳索取心液动潜孔锤得出的应用结论。  相似文献   

采用空气潜孔锤钻进技术在井筒内施工泄水孔实践          下载免费PDF全文

李广兵  叶礼明  李泉  石民  宋毅鑫 《探矿工程》2017,44(6):48-51

袁店一井煤矿风井井筒基岩段施工中遇工作面大量涌水,排水能力无法满足掘砌需要。为保证井筒掘砌施工安全,提出施工钻孔直达风巷的方法进行快速泄水,但已无法进行传统泥浆钻进。通过采用长距离悬空钻杆结合空气潜孔锤钻进技术以及孔口管的安装等施工工艺和措施,有效解决了岩粉上返、水压过大、钻杆摆动等施工技术难题,快速地完成了泄水孔的施工,成功将井筒基岩段涌水排入井下水仓,从而确保了井筒的安全和快速施工。  相似文献   

5.12汶川地震对黄龙世界遗产地源泉水文地球化学的影响——高分辨率和高精度的水文地球化学监测证据   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘再华  王海静  刘彦  台永东  付如贤  汪孝萍 《中国岩溶》2011,30(3):248-252

2008年5月12日的汶川特大地震不仅造成了惨重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失,而且对当地生态环境产生了严重的影响。本文根据黄龙钙华景观退化的人为和自然影响机理研究获得的部分高分辨率和高精度水文地球化学监测数据分析发现,大地震通过诱导控制黄龙源泉的深源断裂活动对源泉的水文地球化学产生了显著影响,主要表现为地震后泉流量、水温、电导率和CO2分压升高,反映出地震增加了地下向地表的水、热、钙离子和CO2通量。然而,地震对从泉水中沉积的钙华景观的后续影响以及汶川地震造成深源CO2向大气CO2释放对全球碳循环的影响,有待进一步的监测评估。   相似文献   

Use of the Acoustic Energy Meter (AEM) for rapid geomorphological field assessment of rock hardness: comparison with Schmidt hammer R‐value          下载免费PDF全文

M. S. Brook  S. Winkler 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(12):1804-1812

Rapid, field‐based assessments of rock hardness are required in a broad range of geomorphological investigations where rock intact strength is important. Several different methods are now available for taking such measurements, in particular the Schmidt hammer, which has seen increasing use in geomorphology in recent decades. This is despite caution from within the engineering literature regarding choice of Schmidt hammer type, normalization of rebound (R‐) values, surface micro‐roughness, weathering degree and moisture content, and data reduction/analysis procedures. We present a pilot study of the use of an Acoustic Energy Meter (AEM), originally produced, tested and developed within the field of underground mining engineering as a rapid measure of rock surface hardness, and compare it with results from a mechanical N‐Type Schmidt hammer. We assess its capabilities across six lithological study sites in southeast Queensland, Australia, in the Greater Brisbane area. Each rock exposure has been recently exposed in the 20th/21st century. Using a ‘paired’ sampling approach, the AEM G‐value shows an inverse relationship with Schmidt hammer R‐value. While both devices show variability with lithology, the AEM G‐values show less scatter than the Schmidt hammer. We conclude that each device can contribute to useful rock hardness testing in geomorphological research, but the AEM requires further field testing in a range of environments, and in particular on older and naturally‐exposed rock surfaces. Future evaluations can extend this pilot study by focusing on sampling procedures, energy sources, and data reduction protocols, within the framework of a comparison study with other rock hardness testing apparatus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于Ls-Dyna的高能射流式冲击器活塞杆回程应力分析     

王福平  李鹏  李国琳  彭枧明 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2016,46(5):1482-1489

针对在钻探实践中高能射流式冲击器的活塞杆频繁出现尾部塑性变形严重影响冲击器工作性能和整体寿命的现象,拟对活塞杆进行优化改进。利用非线性动力学仿真软件Ls-Dyna对活塞杆的回程撞击缸体进行数值模拟和优化分析,并进行了室内试验,结果表明：冲击末速度为4 m/s,活塞杆回程撞击缸体强制停止运动瞬间,尾部产生的应力集中值为3 339.28 MPa,导致其破坏;优化改进后,活塞杆上下端直径比为17/16、尾部圆弧直径为60 mm,活塞杆体内的应力集中值为1 419.66 MPa,较改进前活塞杆的应力集中值减小58%。试验验证表明,优化后的活塞能大幅提高使用寿命和耐久性。  相似文献   

空气潜孔锤在水源钻井中的应用   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

杨富春 《中国煤炭地质》2009,(6):71-73

空气潜孔锤钻进是以压缩空气作为循环介质来洗孔、冷却钻头,将岩屑从孔底带出孔外的钻进方法。它具有钻井效率高、施工周期短和施工用水少等优点。通过两个不同情况钻孔的实际施工,介绍了施工背景、地层结构、配套设备及施工过程。从应用效果来看,该方法的钻效是传统泥浆钻进的3-4倍。根据水源井施工经验,总结出在干旱缺水和漏失层地区采用空气（泡沫）潜孔锤钻进的操作方法,并对其施工工艺进行了分析,指出了实际施工中的注意事项及应关注的问题。  相似文献   

深部找矿钻探施工工艺与方法          下载免费PDF全文

张鸿飞 《探矿工程》2012,39(10):26-31

介绍了在老矿区深部进行找煤所采用的工艺与方法,即在采空煤层井段采用风动潜孔锤钻进方法进行施工,在钻穿采空煤层后在深部采用绳索取心钻进方法施工。对施工中遇到的技术问题所采用的方法及取得的经验与教训进行了阐述。  相似文献