A Comprehensive Method for Precise Determination of Re,Os, Ir,Ru, Pt,Pd Concentrations and Os Isotopic Compositions in Geological Samples   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Zhuyin Chu  Yan Yan  Zhi Chen  Jinghui Guo  Yueheng Yang  Chaofeng Li  Yanbin Zhang 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(2):151-169

A comprehensive method for the precise determination of Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd concentrations as well as Os isotopic compositions in geological samples is presented. Samples were digested by the Carius tube method, and the Os was extracted by conventional CCl₄ method. The Re, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd were first subgroup separated from the matrix elements into Re‐Ru, Ir‐Pt and Pd by a 2‐ml anion exchange column. Subsequently, the Re‐Ru was further purified by a secondary 0.25 ml anion exchange column or by microdistillation of Ru using CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ as an oxidant followed by a secondary 0.25 ml anion exchange separation of Re. The Pd and Ir‐Pt were further successively purified by an Eichrom‐LN column to completely remove Zr and Hf, respectively. Rhenium, Ir, Ru, Pt and Pd were individually measured by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS), except for Ru after microdistillation purification was analysed by negative‐thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS). The analytical results for peridotite reference material WPR‐1 agree well with the previously published data. Finally, several mafic rock reference materials including TDB‐1, WGB‐1, BHVO‐2, BCR‐2, BIR‐1a and DNC‐1a were analysed for Re‐Os isotopes and platinum‐group element concentrations to test their suitability for certification.  相似文献   

Observed hydrographs: on their ability to infer a time‐invariant hydrological transfer function for flow prediction in ungauged basins          下载免费PDF全文

Bakkiyalakshmi Palanisamy  Stephen R. Workman 《水文研究》2014,28(3):401-413

Streamflow measurements provide information about the flow generation characteristics of land surfaces as well as the flow transferring nature of the channel network. In this study, such flow transferring properties of the channel network that were obtained from downstream flow observations were used for predicting flow in ungauged basins. A temporally averaged transfer function (ATF) of the channel segments of Kentucky River Basin (KRB) in Kentucky, USA, was extracted from observed hydrographs in a time‐invariant system as a function of drainage area. The ATF was regionalized through multiple regression analysis for 194 combinations of drainage areas that differ in topography, terrain, and geology. The application of ATF for flow prediction in ungauged basins was performed for Goose Creek, a subbasin of KRB by integrating ATF with the TOPMODEL. In addition, the ATF was shown to be capable of providing calibration and validation data for ungauged basins in a backward technique from a measured stream gauge downstream, with minimal data requirement of drainage area. The applicability of ATF was illustrated across a range of streamflow conditions from watersheds that varied greatly in their terrain and geology. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of the proposed method, as a function of drainage areas of the corresponding basins, to predict daily streamflow from ungauged basins ranged from 0.83 to 0.92. The results of the study concluded that the ATF obtained from measured streamflow thus proved to be a quick and simple tool for assessment of streamflow in both operational and modeling hydrology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatio‐temporal sedimentation patterns in beaver ponds along the Chevral river,Ardennes, Belgium          下载免费PDF全文

M. de Visscher  J. Nyssen  J. Pontzeele  P. Billi  A. Frankl 《水文研究》2014,28(4):1602-1615

With the recovery of the European beaver (Castor fiber) and their capacity to engineer fluvial landscapes, questions arise as to how they influence sediment transport, including the spatio‐temporal trends and patterns of sedimentation in beaver ponds. The Chevral river (Ardennes, Belgium) contains two beaver dam sequences, which appeared in 2004. Volumes of sediment deposited behind the dams were measured, and grain‐size distribution patterns were determined. Flow discharges and sediment fluxes were measured at the inflow and outflow of each dam sequence. Between 2004 and 2011, 1710.1 m³ of sediment was deposited behind the beaver dams, with an average sediment thickness of 25.1 cm. The thickness of the sediment layer was significantly (p < 0.001) related to the area of the beaver ponds. Along the stream, beaver pond sediment thickness displayed a sinusoidal deposition pattern, in which ponds with thick sediment layers were preceded by a series of ponds with thinner sediment layers. A downstream textural coarsening in the dam sequences was also observed, probably because of dam failures subsequent to surges. Differences in sediment flux between the inflow and outflow at the beaver pond sequence were related to the river hydrograph, with deposition taking place during the rising limbs and slight erosion during the falling limbs. The 7‐year‐old sequences have filtered 190.19 ton of sediment out of the Chevral river, which is of the same order of magnitude as the 374.4 ton measured in pond deposits, with the difference between the values corresponding to beaver excavations (60.24 ton), inflow from small tributaries, and runoff from the valley flanks. Hydrogeomorphic effects of C. fiber and Castor canadensis activity are similar in magnitude. The detailed analysis of sedimentation in beaver pond sequences confirms the potential of beavers to contribute to river and wetland restoration, and catchment management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Reservoir rainfall–runoff geomorphological model. I: application and parameter analysis     

M. Goñi  J. J. López  F. N. Gimena 《水文研究》2013,27(4):477-488

This article describes and formulates a model designed to simulate runoff in wet weather events, called reservoir rainfall–runoff geomorphological model (R³GeM). In these wetlands, soil saturation is the main mechanism for the generation of surface runoff. To determine the saturated areas, the model applies a relationship based on the topographic index, between watershed storage and saturated surface. Precipitation is separated into surface runoff by saturation, subsurface runoff and losses; then, the flow of surface and subsurface runoff is performed. This hydrological model has five parameters and has been implemented in 37 events in Aixola watershed and 15 in Oiartzun watershed, both located on the Cantabrian coast of Spain. We analysed the influence of these five parameters in their behaviour, and we have proven, noting the efficiency gains, that the proposed model is valid to simulate the rainfall–runoff process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An experimental study of Stewartson layer separation     

Abdullah O. Albaiz  John E. Hart 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3-4):127-144

Abstract

The separation of sidewall boundary layers in a rotating annulus of homogeneous fluid is studied experimentally. The flow is driven by a differentially rotating lid, and a very small uniform slope of the bottom causes a weak mountain vortex pair to form in the interior, away from the sidewalls. A necessary condition for aerodynamic separation of the sidewall boundary layers is derived and compared with the experimental results. The laboratory flow separates for parameters that are just slightly more inviscid than those required by the necessary condition for the existence of adverse pressure gradients at the wall. As the bottom friction is decreased further, the flow becomes unsteady and chaotic. The most interesting aspect of this problem is that chaotic interior behavior, associated with the separated boundary layer, is observed for parameter values for which the interior topographically forced flow is, by itself, essentially linear.  相似文献   

A simple concept for calibrating runoff thresholds in quasi‐distributed variable source area watershed models     

Zachary M. Easton  M. Todd Walter  Daniel R. Fuka  Eric D. White  Tammo S. Steenhuis 《水文研究》2011,25(20):3131-3143

Most semi‐distributed watershed water quality models divide the watershed into hydrologic response units (HRU) with no flow among them. This is problematic when watersheds are delineated to include variable source areas (VSAs) because it is the lateral flows from upslope areas to downslope areas that generate VSAs. Although hydrologic modellers have often successfully calibrated these types of models, there can still be considerable uncertainty in model results. In this paper, a topographic‐index‐based method is described and tested to distribute effective soil water holding capacity among HRUs, which can be subsequently adjusted using the watershed baseflow coefficient. The method is tested using a version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model that simulates VSA runoff and is applied to two watersheds: a New York State (NYS) watershed, and one in the head waters of the Blue Nile Basin (BNB) in Ethiopia. Daily streamflow predicted using effective soil water storage capacities based only on the topographic index were reassuringly accurate in both the NYS watershed (daily Nash Sutcliffe (E) = 0·73) and in the BNB (E = 0·70). Using the baseflow coefficient to adjust the effective soil water storage capacity only slightly improved streamflow predictions in NYS (E = 0·75) but substantially improved the BNB predictions (E = 0·80). By comparison, the standard SWAT model, which uses the traditional look‐up tables to determine a runoff curve number, performed considerably less accurately in un‐calibrated form (E = 0·51 for NYS and E = 0·45 for BNB), but improved substantially when explicitly calibrated to streamflow measurements (E = 0·76 for NYS and E = 0·67 for the BNB). The calibration method presented here provides a parsimonious, systematic approach to using established models in VSA watersheds that reduces the ambiguity inherent in model calibration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of a geomorphology‐based instantaneous unit hydrograph in small mountainous watersheds     

J. J. López  F. N. Gimena  J. V. Giráldez  J. L. Ayuso  M. Goñi 《水文研究》2012,26(19):2909-2924

A conceptual insytnataneous unit hydrograph (IUH) based on geomorphologival association of linear reservoirs (GR) previously developed by the authors has been compared with other IUH models: a distributed GR variation (GR(v)), the Nash IUH, the Chutha and Dooge IUH, and the Troutman and Karlinger IUH for the analysis of direct runoff hydrographs recorded in three experimental watershed of the north of Spain. The comparison was made through a calibration‐validation process in which a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation method was applied. The results indicate the satisfactory performance of all the models, with the advantage for the GR model of the dependence on only one parameter, which can be identified from the watershed and event characteristics. This property makes its use easier than that of other models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于多尺度边缘的重力异常分离方法     

汪海洪  宁津生  罗志才  罗佳 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2009,34(1)

利用多尺度边缘分析理论,对重力异常的小波多重分解法作了改进,提出了基于多尺度边缘的重力异常分离方法。实验表明,改进方法除保留了多重分解法的优点外,还能够同时实现异常的纵向和横向分离,而且可以根据每个场源对应的多尺度边缘的分布情况确定小波分解的阶数,有利于单一异常特征的提取。利用该方法对琉球俯冲带西南端区域的船测重力资料进行了处理分析,结果与该区域的地质构造具有很好的对应关系。  相似文献   

重力异常分层分离方法改进及应用:以安徽五河地区为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

葛粲  任升莲  李永东  石永红  张金会  李加好  尤淼  李龙明  张妍 《地球物理学报》2017,60(12):4826-4839

本文在原有位场分层分离技术的基础上,提出了动态改进型插值切割算子.通过理想模型实验和谱分析,证明了改进算子对异常源产生的重力场有更好的分离效果.使用新方法对安徽省五河地区布格重力异常进行了分离和分析,分离后的浅部地球物理特征与地表地质调查结果的吻合度高,从而验证了改进算子的有效性和准确性.在结合基础地质资料和分离后的地球物理特征的基础上,进一步分析了五河地区构造格架、区域岩浆岩及红层盆地的空间分布和形态特征,并获取了对研究区内郯庐断裂系各条断裂的延伸、形态和相互关系的新认识.  相似文献   

APPLICATION OF 3D HIGH PRECISION GRAVITY METHOD TO THE EXPLORATION OF DEEP BURIED HILL          下载免费PDF全文

TANG Xin-gong  ZHANG Rui-feng  WAN Wei  CHEN Qing-li 《地震地质》2017,39(4):712-720

Due to the influence of volcanic rock or weathering crust coverage, the quality of deep seismic data is often not reliable and it is difficult to identify small deep buried hill structure beneath the cover. However, the gravity exploration technology can use the remarkable density differences between the object and the overlying strata to identify this special geological reservoir. Although recently several rounds of seismic exploration have been carried out in Raoyang depression, Huabei Oilfield, North China to determine the existence of Hu 8 north deep buried hill, whether the buried hill really exists or not as well as its scale is still in controversial. In this paper, based on the information of seismic data and formation density, deep processing of 3D high precision ground gravity data has been carried out for 3D forward and inversion computation. The dimensional gravity forward calculation results show that the density of the deep anomaly body forms a relatively low gravity anomaly in the earth's surface. By using the potential processing method of vertical second derivative, and sliding filtering, the residual anomaly is separated from regional or background field, which illustrates the existence of a local high gravity anomaly at Hu 8 north area. According to the amplitude of residual gravity anomaly and formation density difference modeling, through a number of 3D forward calculations and 3D inversion of gravity data, the existence of Hu 8 north buried hill and its possible scale are basically determined. The results prove that the 3D high precision gravity method is effective in determining the deep buried hill structure in case that seismic data is not reliable.  相似文献